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3 0 1 I N D E X Abdi, Abbas, 120–121 Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 236n17 Afghanistan, 61, 156, 197–198, 209 Aghajari, Hashem, 250n86 Ahmad Jalal Al-e, 75, 115, 122 Ahmedinejad, Mahmoud, 19, 26, 43, 45, 87, 97–98, 106–107, 135–141, 177, 195– 197, 201–204, 216–219, 250n94 Akçura, Yusuf, 256n20 Akhbari school, 114 AK Parti. See Justice and Development Party (JDP) Albania, 52, 67 Alevis, 23, 46, 81–82, 102, 159, 215, 244n67 Algeria, 49, 54–55, 58, 73, 156, 223n47 An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, 74, 80 anti-Semitism, 161, 257n33 Arab countries, 7, 12, 48, 59–60, 156, 206, 222; culture of, 48; democracy in, 50–51, 57, 230n22; Iranian, 107; and nationalism, 58, 232n59; rebellion in, 146 Arınç, Bülent, 148, 157, 181 Asgharzadeh, Ebrahim, 120–121 Assad, Hafez, 113 Assembly of Experts, 92, 105, 196 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 58, 70, 99, 104, 147, 215, 229n5, 254n4 Austria, 32 Azerbaijan, 52, 55, 67; Iranian, 107, 132 Azeris, 107 Bahrain, 49 Bangladesh, 49, 54–55 Banna, Hasan al-, 58 Basij, 98, 108, 136–137, 218, 267n74 Bazargan, Mehdi, 116, 238n43, 247n32, 268n95 Beheshti, Mohammad, 117 Bekaroğlu, Mehmet, 221n5, 259n72 Belgium, 32 Bernstein, Eduard, 15 bonyad, 94, 117, 128, 130, 138 Bosnia, 52, 151 Boumedienne, Houari, 58 Bourguiba, Habib, 58 Broad Coalition of Principalists, 201 Bulgaria, 52 Bush, George W., 197–198, 229n5 Büyükanıt, Yaşar, 180, 182 Catholic Church, 32, 83–84 Central Asia, 6, 50 Christian Democratic Union, 32 Christian Democrats, 13, 25, 30, 32–34, 84 clientelism. See patronage Color Revolutions, 197, 209 Communism, 15, 32, 41, 57, 71, 101, 146, 148, 150, 240n75, 242n25 counterinsurgency, 100, 174–176, 178, 194, 240n75, 256n24 coups, 5, 50, 113, 143, 224n56, 263n3; 1980 coup in Turkey, 18, 41, 99, 102, 109, 149, 173; attempts against JDP in Turkey, 47, 180–181, 194, 240n75. See also military Cyprus, 165 I N D E X 3 0 2 Democratic Party, 143, 146, 162 Democratic Society Party, 187–192, 215 differentiation, 6, 66, 83, 234n2, 243n47. See also secularism Dink, Hrant, 85, 179 Diyanet. See Religious Affairs Directory Eastern Europe, 17, 83, 119, 223n48 Ebadi, Shirin, 269n2 Ebtekar, Masume, 120–121 Egypt, 15, 21, 49, 53–59, 62, 71, 113, 142, 156, 169, 210, 232n54, 236n14 Erbakan, Necmettin, 76–77, 146, 150–157, 161–162, 167 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 1, 13, 37, 43–44, 81, 85, 148, 152–162, 165–171, 175, 180–189, 194, 212, 262n129 Ergenekon. See coups Eshkevari, Hasan Yousefi, 75, 124–125, 131 ethnic: conflict, 79, 172–176, 206; groups, 3, 23, 132, 205, 216; identity, 18, 75, 104, 107, 159, 161, 187–193, 245n100, 245n101. See also Azeris; Kurds European Court of Human Rights, 103– 104, 153–154 European Union (EU): and democratization in Turkey, 1, 5, 9–10, 22, 47, 91, 101, 105, 145, 165, 172, 176, 178, 182–183, 192, 198, 209; and Kurdish question in Turkey, 191–193; and Muslim reformers in Turkey, 9–10, 18, 43, 45, 77, 86–87, 154–155, 157, 214–215, 233n76 Executives of Construction Party, 121, 126, 129 Expediency Council (Iran), 92, 132, 201 Felicity Party, 18, 37, 156, 164, 171, 224n57 Freedom Movement of Iran, 116, 201 France, 15, 32, 239n57 Ganji, Akbar, 128, 131, 208, 269n2 Gendarmerie Intelligence and Antiterrorism Unit, 100. See also counterinsurgency Georgia, 49, 52, 197 Germany, 32, 37, 225n32 Ghannushi, Rashid al-, 63 Guardians Council, 41, 57, 92–93, 105–107, 118, 121, 126, 129, 131–135, 138, 140, 197, 199–200, 205, 216, 218–219 Gül, Abdullah, 148, 155–156, 180 Gülen community, 77–78, 82, 153, 189 Haddad-Adel, Gholam-Ali, 134, 201 Hajjarian, Saeed, 120–121, 131–132, 135, 208 Hamas, 210 Hezbollah, 191, 210 human rights, 9, 23, 87–88, 122, 157, 197–198, 210; activists, 216, 269n2; associations, 208, 212, 258n53; and Muslim actors, 3, 17–18, 43, 50, 61, 64– 65, 74, 78, 80, 84, 119, 124–125, 157; Muslim perceptions of, 55–56; violations in Turkey, 172–173, 175, 193–194 Hussein, Saddam, 60, 87, 113, 179, 210 IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF) imperialism, 60, 69, 75 Indonesia, 15, 49, 54–55, 57–58, 62–64, 71, 210 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 96, 166, 178 Iran: constitution of, 90–92, 235n6; democratization in, 19–22, 138–141, 207–209, 213–214, 219–220; economy of, 95–98; electoral system of, 8, 105– 108, 198–199, 205...

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