Medicine and the Saints: Science, Islam, and the Colonial Encounter in Morocco, 1877-1956

Notes

Notes introduction 1. Mauchamp to Legation, January 7, 1906, Archives des Affaires Étrangères, Nantes (hereafter cited as AAE Nantes), Tangier Legation Series, Carton 342. 2. Comaroff, Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People, 8. 3. Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India. 4. Prakash, “Body Politic in Colonial India.” On the limits of Foucault in the colonies , see Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness, x. 5. Taussig, Colonialism, Shamanism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing, 5. 6. White, Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa; White, “‘They Could Make Their Victims Dull’: Gender and Genres, Fantasies and Cures in Colonial Southern Uganda.” 7. Boddy, Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. 8. Comaroff and Comaroff, “The Madman and the Migrant: Work and Labor in the Historical Consciousness of a South African People.” 9. I owe this interpretation to Kugle, Sufis and Saints’ Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality , and Sacred Power in Islam, 13. 10. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 94. 11. Comaroff, Body of Power, 6. 12. Kugle, Sufis and Saints’ Bodies, 13. 13. Ibid., 33. 14. Ibid., 29. 15. Ann Laura Stoler first called for extending biopolitics to colonial history; see her Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. 16. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978– 1979, 15–16. 17. Of this large literature, I mention only a few examples of state and missionary campaigns against traditional healing in sub-Saharan Africa: Boddy, Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan; Ranger, “Godly Medicine: The Ambiguities of Medical Mission in Southeast Tanzania.” 18. Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, 143. 19. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern. 20. Pandolfo, “The Thin Line of Modernity: Some Moroccan Debates on Subjectivity ,” 142. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., 118. 23. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, 37. 222 notes to pages 5–11 24. Thus answering a question that Pandolfo poses (“The Thin Line of Modernity ,” 141). 25. Laroui, Les Origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain. 26. Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia , 44. 27. Messick, The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society; Winichakul, Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of the Nation. 28. Combs-Schilling, Sacred Performances: Islam, Sexuality, and Sacrifice, 25. 29. Mohammed Lahbabi, cited in Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A History, 297– 300; Waterbury, North for the Trade: The Life and Times of a Berber Merchant. 30. Hammoudi, Master and Disciple: The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism. 31. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, 15–16. 32. Bazzaz, Forgotten Saints: History, Power and Politics in the Making of Modern Morocco. 33. Of this literature, I mention only the classic Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939, and two recent works: El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory : Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt, and Schayegh, Who Is Knowledgeable Is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society , 1900–1950. 34. Thus I argue that the anti-Sufism of salafiyya is a consequence of the Islamic internalization of Western epistemology, not Wahhabi influence. For an overview of the question, see Sirriyeh, Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. 35. Mauchamp, La Sorcellerie au Maroc, oevure posthume, 103. 36. Bhabha, “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse,” in The Location of Culture, 85–92. 37. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930, 1–6. 38. See Noiriel, État, nation et immigration: Vers une histoire du pouvoir and “République et exclusion en France à la fin du XIXe siècle.” 39. Wilder, The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars, 1–10. 40. Ibid., 52. 41. Abi-Mershed, Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria. 42. Trumbull, An Empire of Facts: Colonial Power, Cultural Knowledge, and Islam in Algeria, 1870–1914. 43. Segalla, The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956, 74. 44. Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception; Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848; Comaroff, “Medicine: Symbol and Ideology.” 45. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics...