Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ix Introduction: A Continuous and Hidden History of Economic Defense and Collective Well-Being 1 part i: early african american cooperative roots 27 1 Early Black Economic Cooperation: Intentional Communities, Communes, and Mutual Aid 31 2 From Economic Independence to Political Advocacy: Cooperation and the Nineteenth-Century Black Populist Movement 48 3 Expanding the Tradition: Early African American–Owned “Cooperative” Businesses 60 part ii: deliberative cooperative economic development 79 4 Strategy, Advocacy, and Practice: Black Study Circles and Co-op Education on the Front Lines 85 5 The Young Negroes’ Co-operative League 112 6 Out of Necessity: The Great Depression and “Consumers’ Cooperation Among Negroes” 126 7 Continuing the Legacy: Nannie Helen Burroughs, Halena Wilson, and the Role of Black Women 148 8 Black Rural Cooperative Activity in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century 172 Contents viii contents part iii: twentieth-century practices, twenty-first-century solutions 189 9 The Federation of Southern Cooperatives: The Legacy Lives On 193 10 Economic Solidarity in the African American Cooperative Movement: Connections, Cohesiveness, and Leadership Development 213 Time Line of African American Cooperative History, 1780–2012: Selected Events 239 Notes 251 References 263 Index 303 ...