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A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s This book is the outgrowth of an ongoing program of case studies sponsored by the CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) to examine past performance as a learning process for current and future practices. It would not have been possible without the major effort of Tom Troy, a friend and former colleague who undertook the challenging task of reviewing an enormous body of intelligence documents for declassification. His subsequent interpretation of some of the events and the U.S. intelligence reporting during the formation of Solidarity and the Soviet threats of military intervention provided much of the stimulus for addressing the crisis in its full dimensions. And his comments and suggestions during the drafting process were also of great value. Special thanks as well to Wendy HiltonJones , formerly at the CIA Publications Review Board and now at the Center for the Study of Intelligence, whose work and patience are responsible for enabling the intelligence materials used for this study to be made available for public review. I am also indebted to Mark Kramer of the Davis Center for Russian and International Studies, whose exhaustive searches and translation of documents from the archives of Poland and the former Soviet Union and East Germany provided new insights into the events that unfolded. The support and assistance of Tom Blanton, Malcom Byrne, and Sue Bechtel of the National Security Archive also were a major contribution to my efforts, as were the works and support of the many scholars of the Cold War International History Project. I must also express my gratitude to Professor Ernest May of Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School, and Professors Philip Zelikow and Timothy Naftali of the Miller Center at the University of Virginia for their encouragement and counsel throughout this effort. The support and assistance of Sanford Thatcher and Cherene Holland and their colleagues at Penn State Press were also a major source of encouragement. Finally, I must record my extraordinary good fortune in having had the copyediting service of Mary Petrusewicz, whose skill, diligence, and patience were critical in turning a work in progress into a finished product. vi ...

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