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administration of tanf, 2, 212–13 inflexibility in, 89, 99–101 integration with employment services, 28, 104–9, 124–26, 137–40 and local politics, 158–75 variability in, 3–4, 27–29, 98–109, 151 African Americans, 82 history of oppression, 2, 11, 16–18, 203, 215–16 inequitable treatment of, 28–30, 50, 69, 189–90 social relations, 31, 201–2, 204 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (afdc), 19–20, 67 benefit levels, 4, 26, 90, 184–85, 197 caseloads, 39–42, 196 education and training under, 5, 104, 186 support for transition to work, 34, 89, 114, 213–14, 217 American Indian. See Native American Appalachia, 2, 11, 13–14, 28 Balanced Budget Act of 1997, 21, 101 barter and trade, 109–10, 144–45 Beck, Elizabeth, 3, 33, 34, 49, 50, 64, 68 Beeler, Jessie, 27, 82, 192, 193, 197 benefit levels under tanf, 4, 88, 90, 93, 149–50, 151, 164, 196–97 Besharov, Douglas J., 3, 28, 31, 34, 39, 61, 64, 68, 69 Biolsi, Thomas, 13, 97, 106, 108 Blank, Rebecca M., 3, 4, 30, 32, 39, 64, 69 Braudel, Fernand, 3 Breaux, David A., 26, 31, 192, 193 Brister, Bill M., 27, 82, 192, 193, 197 care gap, 32, 34 caseload declines, 2, 209 employment and, 104, 131, 172, 212–13 explanations for, 27–32, 39–47, 160, 164, 196 poverty reduction and, 69, 149–50, 187, 207 case management, 26, 89–90, 192–93 Chambry, Sharon, 27, 82, 192, 193, 197 child abuse/neglect, 95, 133, 156 childcare services barrier to employment, 98, 197–98, 213 family providers, 115 insufficient or unavailable, 1, 102–3, 181–82, 197, 217 poor quality, 33, 106, 214 qualified work activity, 109, 170 childcare costs and assistance, 26, 162 against low wages, 34, 174 subsidies inadequate, 31, 68, 104, 114, 160, 163, 168, 206 supporting transition to work, 23, 128, 130–31, 138, 142 child support, 25, 102, 118, 131, 142, 197 Choices Program, 25, 167, 172, 216 class relations, 2, 28, 30, 34, 35, 97, 189, 207, 211 colonias, 2, 145, 152–57, 159, 175, 181, 187 community involvement, 8, 124, 136–41 INDEX community leaders, views of interagency cooperation, 139–41, 205 barriers to leaving tanf, 95, 102, 112, 199 disillusionment with prwora, 5, 125, 217 everyday economy, 116, 143, 202 community service placements, 137, 192–93 hours, 173, 185–86 job search and, 91, 183 real jobs and, 5, 94, 122, 173, 212–13 training, education, and, 103, 125–27, 132, 167–70 transportation to, 107 community well-being, 32–35, 73–76, 115–21 commuting, 14, 57, 64, 95, 124, 162, 190, 191, 199 culture, 2–3, 12–19 deindustrialization, 49–50, 74, 83, 124–25, 126, 190–91, 196, 201, 210 demographics, 18–19, 95 dependency, 17, 20, 112, 156–57, 187, 209 devolution, 9, 20, 21, 98–109, 151, 157 and discrimination, 28–29 local control through, 2, 29, 35, 76,149, 151 and the private sector, 191–96 politics of devolution in Texas, 159–75 and variability in administration of tanf, 3–4, 29–30, 149, 160–75 discouraged workers, 51–52, 54, 127 diversion of tanf applicants to other programs, 22, 164, 172, 212 domestic/family violence lack of education and, 133, 146, 156 prevalent, 33, 118–19, 126, 211 work requirements and, 116, 197, 215 240 Index Duncan, Cynthia M., 2, 14, 17, 28, 30, 31, 35, 50, 69 Duncan, Greg J., 29, 30, 64, 68 earnings/income, unreported, 141–44, 178, 203 earnings/wages received, 44–46, 171, 176–77, 179 Earned Income Tax Credit, 39, 55, 67–68, 114, 178, 213 economic development absent, 2–3, 11–14, 158 local initiatives, 7, 114, 123, 135–36, 140–41, 194 necessary for tanf to succeed, 104, 108–9, 147, 205, 209 unsupported by prwora, 122, 191, 201 education and training, 131–36 disincentives for states under tanf, 61–63 limited access under tanf, 4–5, 25, 61, 68, 77, 91, 101, 103, 149, 164, 186 post-secondary education support, 62–63, 91–92, 99, 106, 120, 131–36, 147, 167–68, 182, 186 targeted to available jobs, 105, 136 education reform, Kentucky, 123, 131–36 emergency services, 26, 196, 212 employer attitudes toward tanf participants, 90, 103–4, 109, 167, 201, 213 employment, 90–91 changes from 1996–2000, 61, 124, 157 disincentives and, 55–57 full-time, 54–55, 64–67, 76–78, 81, 83, 107, 176, 210, 213 nepotism, 97, 154, 200...

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