Opening the Qur'an: Introducing Islam's Holy Book

Chronology, From 570 to 680 CE

chronology, from 570 to 680 ce 570? Birth of Muhammad in Mecca. 575 Persians conquerYemen. 595 Muhammad marries Khadijah. 608 Ka‘bah rebuilt.Tradition about Muhammad setting the black stone in place. 610 Laylat al-Qadr,Night of Power (or Destiny) on Mount Hira, giving of the Qur’an. 613 First public proclamation of Islam. 614 Persians capture Damascus from Byzantine Empire. 615 Some Muslims given asylum in Abyssinia (Ethiopia).Persians capture Jerusalem. 616–18 Umar (Omar) and others convert.Opposition mounts.Issue of “Satanic Verses.” 617 Conflicts inYathrib (later known as Medina al-Nabi, City of the Prophet). 619 Year of Sadness:Deaths of Khadijah and Abu Talib.Persians and Slavs besiege Constantinople. 620 Muhammad rejected at Taif.‘Isra (the Night Journey) and Mi‘raj (the Ascent) to the seventh heaven. Delegation from Yathrib approaches Muhammad. 621 First Treaty (Covenant) of Aqabah between Muhammad and delegates fromYathrib. 622 Second Treaty of Aqabah.Departure of some Sahaba (Companions ) toYathrib.Hijra from Mecca.Byzantines counterattack , Persians retreat. xvii 623 Muhammad marries Aisha. Confrontations with Meccans. 624 Raid on Nakhlah.Qibla changed from Jerusalem to Ka‘bah (February?).Battle of Badr.Plots by Jewish clan,Banu Nadir, retaliation by Muslims. 625 Battle of Uhud. Expulsion of Jewish groups from Medina that conspired against Muslims. 627 “War of the Confederates,” Battle of the Trench (Ditch). Destruction of Medinian critics and remaining Jewish groups in Medina area. 628 March:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah concerning Muslims making Hajj to Mecca. King of theYemen becomes Muslim, revolts against weakened Persians. Muhammad sends heralds to nations . Jewish citadel at Khaybar destroyed. 629 March: Muslims go to Mecca for Hajj. Bilal gives call to prayer at Ka‘bah. Muslims battle with Byzantine Christians in northern Arabia. 630 Year of the Deputations. Mecca surrenders to Muslims. Ka‘bah cleansed.Bedouin tribes profess Islam and loyalty to Muhammad. Meccans, Muslims, and new converts go with Muhammad to fight in the north. 631 Ali goes as Muhammad’s emissary to the Yemen. NonMuslims refused entry to Mecca at pilgrimage. 632 January:Muhammad’s son,Ibrahim,dies.March:Muhammad defends Ali.Farewell Pilgrimage by Muhammad to Mecca, preaches last sermon (March),campaigns,returns to Medina. Muhammad dies on June 8, buried in Medina. Abu Bakr chosen to be caliph.Wars of Apostasy. 633 Southern Mesopotamia (Iraq) conquered. 634 Death of Abu Bakr.Umar (Omar) becomes caliph.Military campaigns expand Dar al-Islam (Realm of Islam),defeating Byzantine Christians. 635 Jews and Christians expelled from Arabia.Syria conquered. 636 Muslims defeat Persians. 637 Umar captures Jerusalem.Clears Temple Mount.Damascus becomes center of Muslim political authority. xviii Chronology, from 570 to 680 CE 640–41 Egypt conquered. Byzantine emperor (Heraclius) dies. 644 Death of Umar. Uthman becomes caliph. 650 Collation of Qur’an under Uthman. 656 Uthman assassinated. Ali acknowledged as caliph. Battle of the Camel. 657 Mu‘awiyah attacks Ali. Battle of Siffin. Kharijites defect from Ali. 658 Mu‘awiyah recognized by many as caliph. 661 Ali assassinated by a Kharijite. Older son, Hasan, relegates political leadership to Mu‘awiyah. Ali entombed in Najaf, Iraq. 661–80 Husayn (Hussein), younger son of Ali and Fatimah, asserts authority as direct descendant of Muhammad. In 680 (10 Muharram),he and his group massacred near Karbala,Iraq. Husayn entombed in Najaf, Iraq. Split between Sunni and Shi‘ite Muslims widens. Chronology, from 570 to 680 CE xix ...