Contested Territory: Mapping Peru in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Notes

n o t e s one. Landscape and the Spanish Conquest of Peru 1. Relación Samano-Xerez, 68. 2. Pagden comments, “Attachment led to possession. But most things possessed, if they are to be of any value to the possessor, have to be capable of mobility.” Pagden, European Encounters with the New World, 27. 3. With reference to this text, Fraser comments, “These are all signs of a prosperous and civilized people, a people well worth conquering.” Fraser, The Architecture of Conquest, 23. 4. Mignolo, The Darker Side, 16. 5. This draws on the work of Jane Jacobs, who insists on the importance of attending not only to the metaphorical but also to the “real” geographies and spaces of imperialism. See Jacobs, Edge of Empire, 1. 6. See, e.g., the following edited collection of geographical accounts published in the nineteenth century by a Spanish geographer: Jiménez de la Espada, ed., Relaciones Geográficas de Indias: Perú. 7. Significant examples include Butzer’s special issue of the Annals of the Association of American Geographers entitled “The Americas before and after 1492: Current Geographical Research”; Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions ; Pastor Bodmer, The Armature of Conquest; Zamora, Reading Columbus. 8. For examples, see Mundy, The Mapping of New Spain; Arias and Mel éndez, eds., Mapping Colonial Spanish America; Kinsbruner, The Colonial SpanishAmerican City; Millones Figueroa and Ledezma, eds., El saber de los jesuitas. 9. See, e.g., Salomon, “Vertical Politics on the Inka Frontier”; Molinié Fioravanti, “El simbolismo de frontera en los Andes”; Bauer, The Sacred Landscape of the Inca. 170 10. Cañedo-Argüelles Fabrega, “La tenencia de la tierra en el sur andino ”; Gade, “Landscape, System and Identity in the Post-Conquest Andes.” 11. See, e.g., Sempat Assadourian, “Los derechos a las tierras del Ynga”; Stavig, “Ambiguous Visions.” 12. Examples include Gade and Escobar, “Village Settlement and the Colonial Legacy in Southern Peru”; Fraser, The Architecture of Conquest; Cummins, “Forms of Andean Colonial Towns”; H. Scott, “A Mirage of Colonial Consensus.” 13. Lavallé, Las promesas ambiguas; Pease G.Y., Las crónicas y los Andes; Someda, El imperio de los Incas. 14. Graubart, “Indecent Living,” 215. 15. A narrow approach to what constitutes geography in early colonial Spanish texts is a feature of much scholarly work. In 1992, Butzer took historians such as J.H. Elliott to task for suggesting that sixteenth-century southern Europeans had scant interest in geography, and drew attention to the ample contributions made by the Spanish in the New World to the development of European geographical inquiry. Butzer’s own exploration of Spanish geographical perceptions of the Americas, however, remains firmly within the boundaries of texts that deal explicitly with geography or natural history. See Butzer, “From Columbus to Acosta,” 558. 16. Elliott, “Final Reflections,” 399. 17. As Pagden writes, the Spanish empire was “an empire based upon people, defeated subjects who could be transformed into a physical labour force.” Pagden, Lords of All the World, 65. 18. Sluyter, “Colonialism and Landscape in the Americas,” 414. See also Sluyter, Colonialism and Landscape. 19. Sluyter, “Colonialism and Landscape in the Americas,” 415‒20. 20. Elliott, “Final Reflections,” 406. Although I agree with Elliott’s suggestions that the diversity of European voices and experiences has been neglected in much recent scholarship on early Spanish America, I part ways with him over his apparent assumption that indigenous populations played little or no part in shaping the New World’s colonial landscapes and European perceptions and experiences of them. 21. See Cosgrove, “Landscape and the European Sense of Sight”; Cosgrove and Daniels, eds., The Iconography of Landscape. 22. Bender, “Introduction,” 3. See also Cresswell, who argues that the concept of landscape is “too burdened with its own history—too fixated on origins.” Cresswell, “Landscape and the Obliteration of Practice,” 269. 23. Matless, “Introduction: The Properties of Landscape,” 231. 24. Influenced by phenomenology as well as by broader concerns for engaging with theories of practice, cultural geographers and anthropologists Notes to Pages ‒ 171 alike have increasingly embraced approaches to landscape that explore the material and symbolic practices that shape it and give it meaning, and that acknowledge the corporeality of landscape experience. Recent work includes Bender, Landscape; Dubow, “From a View on the World”; Ingold, The Perception of the Environment; Rose, “Landscapes and Labyrinths.” 25. Rose, “Landscapes and Labyrinths,” 457. 26. Pastor Bodmer, The Armature of Conquest; Piqueras Céspedes, Entre...