Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life

Index

Index Accommodation. See Genetic accommodation ; Phenotypic accommodation Acquired characters. See Inheritance of acquired characters Adoption, 184–186. See also Foster parents Aging, 128 Agriculture, 233, 287–290, 357–358, 360–361, 477n1 Aisner, R., 168 Alarm calls, 34–35, 54, 157, 190, 191–192 Algae, 388–389 Alleles, 24–27, 28–29. See also Gene metastable, 485n14 Alloparenting, 436 Allopolyploids, 414–416, 417 Alternative splicing, 65–67 Altruism, 34–35, 185 Amplification of DNA, 69–70 Animal traditions, 153–188, 328–330, 421–423. See also Behavioral inheritance ; Cultural evolution; Lifestyle evolution in banded mongooses, 422 in birds and whales, 170–172 in black rats, 168–169, 174 in chimpanzees, 175, 180–181, 306, 362, 423 complexity of, 175–177 and conservation practices, 188, 363 and cumulative evolution, 174–177, 216–217, 330 in insects, 187–188 in macaques, 176–178, 180, 185, 203, 216 in Nacza boobies, 422–423 origins of, 328–330 prevalence of, 175, 421–422 stability of, 177, 180–183 in tarbutniks, 155–157 in tits, 167–168, 203, 205 Antirrhinum, 139 Aphids, 83–84 Aplysia, 123 Arabidopsis, 264–265, 266, 402–404, 407 Ascaris, 68, 83 Asexual reproduction in bdelloid rotifers, 386–387 and epigenetic inheritance, 112–116, 135–136, 146, 246, 270–271, 273, 339–340 and sexual reproduction, compared, 82–85, 102–103, 340 Asimov, Isaac, 78 Assimilate-stretch principle, 284–286, 302–304 Asymmetry, 411–413 Avital, E., 154, 285 546 Index Bacillus, 135 Bacteria, 65, 120, 126, 233, 323, 386 epigenetic inheritance in, 117, 135– 136, 326, 400, 494n51 genetic systems of, 30, 79, 85, 229, 391, 460n19 mutation in, 79–80, 88, 92–98, 105, 316–317, 339–341, 358 Bacteriophage, 391 Badyaev, A. V., 408–409, 414 Baldwin, J. M., 283, 287 Baldwin effect, 283, 287, 304, 481n4, 482n6. See also Genetic assimilation Bateson, P., 184, 414, 424 Bateson, W., 23–24 Bdelloid rotifers, 386–387, 466n3 Beaver dam, 233 Behavioral epigenetics, 424–427 Behavioral imprinting in ducks, 165, 213–214 filial, 165–166 on habitat, 179, 182–183 on helpers and adopters, 184–185 in insects, 187–188, 236, 361 on parasite’s hosts, 183, 236 sexual, 166, 179, 182–184 song, 170–171, 184 Behavioral inheritance. See also Inheritance systems, behavioral through behavior affecting substances, 159–163, 178–179, 180, 187–188, 328, 361 through imitation, 170–173, 422 (see also Memes) through nonimitative social learning, 155–159, 164–170, 187–188 origins of, 328–330 stability of, 178–182 Belyaev, D. K., 254–256, 268, 341–342, 418 Biotechnology, 58, 134, 360, 376. See also Genetic engineering, by humans Birds. See Boobies; Bowerbirds; Ducks; House finch; Mauritius kestrels; Ostriches; Parrots; Peacocks; Red knots; Tits alarm calls of, 34–35 helpers in, 184–185 imitation by, 170–172 (see also Parrots) imprinting in, 165–166, 170, 171, 179, 183–185, 213–214 parasitic, 183 seed caching by, 181 songs of, 159, 170–171, 183–184, 198, 213–214, 282, 362 Blackmore, S., 203, 207 Black rats, 168–169, 174, 176, 233 Bloom, P., 307 Bonduriansky, R., 406 Bonobos, 298, 331–334, 343–345 Boobies, 422–423, 424, 425 Boojums, 375–376 Bowerbirds, 166 Bowler, P. J., 22–23 Boyd, R., 201, 440, 475n9 Brassica nigra, 100 Braun, E., 452, 453 Brink, R. A., 398 BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy ; mad cow disease), 121, 122–123, 494n44 Buss, D. M., 212 Butler, S., 21 Butterflies, 83, 187, 236 Caenorhabditis elegans, 75, 131, 133, 142, 325, 338–339, 424, 426–427, 493n38 Cairns, J., 79–80, 88 Canalization, 64, 407–408. See also Genetic assimilation of behavioral traits, 283–284, 304–306 cultural, 443–447 of morphological features, 43–44, 257–261, 263–264, 268, 277–278, 410-411 and plasticity, 77, 305–306, 370–371, 393, 407–408, 443 Index 547 Cancer, 86 diagnosis and treatment, 244, 358–359 epigenetic aspects of, 128, 141, 145– 146, 244, 360, 429–430 Candida albicans, 400 Cannibalism, 122 Caporale, L. H., 101 Carroll, Lewis, 375 Carrot juice, 161–162, 178–179 Cassirer, E., 189–190 Categorization, 169–170, 173, 285–286, 299–300, 302–303, 308–309 Cattle. See BSE; Dairy farming Causation, proximate and ultimate, 101–102, 390 Cavalier-Smith, T., 120, 322–327 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 201, 440, 475 n9 Cell division. See Meiosis; Mitosis Cell heredity. See Epigenetic inheritance Cell membranes, 120, 144, 149, 322–323 Cell memory, 111–112, 117, 123–124, 135, 246–250...