Intellectual Property Strategy

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NOTES TO CASE STUDIES

1. Kamil Idris, Intellectual Property: A Power Tool for Economic Growth (New York: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2003), 34.

2. For information about the CLC, see http://www.clc.com/clcweb/publishing.nsf/Content/aboutclc.html (accessed January 10, 2011).

3. For a list of the CLC’s clients, see http://www.clc.com/clcweb/publishing.nsf/Content/institutions.html (accessed January 10, 2011).

4. Matthew Futterman, “IMG Moves Further into School Sports,” Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2010, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704895004575395532930536888.html (accessed March 15, 2011).

5. Chris Pollone, “Big Bucks for Bama: Championship Merchandise Rakes in Millions,” Alabama’s 13.com, March 31, 2010, available at http://www2.alabamas13.com/news/2010/mar/31/big_bucks_for_bama_championship_merchandise_rakes_-ar-398739 (accessed March 15, 2011). Note that “neither [the] CLC nor the university athletic department would say [how much Alabama makes each year in licensing royalties].”

6. John Maher, “Horns’ $10.15 Million in Royalties Top List,” Austin American-Statesman, August 27, 2010, available at http://www.statesman.com/sports/longhorns/horns-10-15-million-in-royalties-top-list-884171.html (accessed April 7, 2011).

7. Darren Rovell, “Auburn’s Licensing Revenues Will Skyrocket with Championship,” CNBC.com, January 11, 2011, available at http://www.cnbc.com/id/41019193/Auburn_s_Licensing_Revenues_Will_Skyrocket_With_Championship (accessed March 15, 2011).

8. “Did You Know,” available at http://www.clc.com/clcweb/publishing.nsf/Content/did+you+know.html (accessed January 10, 2011).

9. Tricia Hornsby, “Collegiate Licensing Company Names Top Selling Universities and Manufacturers,” press release, November 15, 2010, available at http://www.clc.com/clcweb/publishing.nsf/Content/First+Quarter+Rankings+2010-11 (accessed March 15, 2011).

10. See Bruce B. Siegal and Jim Aronowitz, “Collegiate Licensing,” Licensing Journal 25, no. 10 (2005): 37.

11. Ibid., 36.

12. Sue Westcott Alessandri, “Developing a Consistent Collegiate Brand Identity: Retaining a Legacy while Avoiding Trademark Infringement,” 16–17, available at http://www.reputationinstitute.com/members/nyc06/Alessandri.pdf (accessed March 15, 2011).

13. Ibid., 9.

14. For a depiction of the logo, see http://www.sportslogos.net/logo.php?id=lhf2fxwjfmysj71nzmqw (accessed March 15, 2011).

15. Alessandri, “Developing a Consistent Collegiate Brand Identity,” 13.

16. Ibid., 14.

17. JDSupra, Keller v. Electronic Arts, Inc., et al., class action complaint and jury demand, available at http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=98e583b8-4e5d-4d9e-96e1-3a382e2397f6 (accessed January 10, 2011); Katie Thomas, “Struggle over Compensation Is Much More than Video Games,” International Herald Tribune, November 17, 2010: 23.

18. Thomas, “Struggle over Compensation.”

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Bruce Siegal, “Colorful Trends in Collegiate Trademark Protection: An Update,” Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 26, no. 4 (2009): 19.

22. Ibid.

23. Adam Himmelsbach, “Colleges Tell High Schools Logos Are Off-limits,” New York Times, November 26, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

Follow-on Biologics

1. John E. Calfee, “Follow-on Biologics Are Not Like Ordinary Generics, and Therefore Require Congress to Exercise a Deft Regulatory Hand,” American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, April 2007, available at http://www.aei.org/outlook/26010 (accessed March 30, 2011).

2. Wendy H. Schacht and John R. Thomas, “Follow-on Biologics: Intellectual Property and Innovation Issues,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, order code RL 33901, January 6, 2010, 2.

3. Ibid., 3.

4. Ibid.

5. 42 U.S.C. § 262(i) (2006).

6. Schacht and Thomas, “Follow-on Biologics,” 1.

7. Ibid., 2. See also Ludwig Burger, “Battle over Biosimilar Drugs Is Only for the Brave,” Reuters, July 2, 2010, available at http://uk.reuters (accessed March 30, 2011); note that “90 percent of today’s biotechnology drugs will be off patent” by 2020.

8. Mari Edlin, “PPACA Creates Approval Pathway for Follow-on Biologics,” Modern Medicine, 15, 2010, available at http://www.modernmedicine.com/modernmedicine/Chains+%26+Business/PPACA-creates-approval-pathway-for-follow-on-biolo/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/680424?contextCategoryId=40159 (accessed March 30, 2011).

9. Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-417, 98 Stat. 1585 (codified as amended in 21 U.S.C. § 355 [2006]).

10. Ibid.

11. Judith A. Johnson, “FDA Regulation of Follow-on Biologics,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, order code RL 34045, April 26, 2010, 7.

12. Ibid., 8–9.

13. Ibid., 13.

14. Ibid.

15. Wendy H. Schacht and John R. Thomas, “PL 111–148: Intellectual Property Provisions for Follow-on Biologics,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, order code R 41270, May 25, 2010, 3.

16. Ibid.

17. Edlin, “PPACA Creates Approval Pathway for Follow-on Biologics.”

18. Ibid.

19. Federal Trade Commission, “Emerging Health Care Issues: Follow-on Biologic Drug Competition,” 2009, 14, available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009/06/P083901biologicsreport.pdf (accessed March 30, 2011).

20. Ed Silverman, “Merck Wants to Develop Follow-on Biologics,” Pharmalot, December 9, 2008, available at http://www.pharmalot.com/2008/12/merck-wants-to-develop-follow-on-biologics (accessed March 30, 2011).

21. Quoted in ibid.

22. Ellen Foster Licking, “Merck’s Ambitious Plans for Follow-on Biologics,” BioPharma Today, December 18, 2008, available at http://www.biopharmatoday.com/2008/12/mercks-ambitious-plans-for-follow-on-biologics.html (accessed March 30, 2011).

23. Ibid.

24. Insmed, Inc., “Insmed Sells Follow-on Biologics Platform to Merck and Co., Inc. for Gross Proceeds of $130 Million,” press release, February 12, 2009, available at http://investor.insmed.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=364842 (accessed March 30, 2011).

25. Ellen Licking, In Vivo Blog, post, available at http://invivoblog.blogspot.com/2009/02/dotw-evolution.html (accessed February 13, 2009).

26. Kate Rawson, In Vivo Blog, post, available at http://invivoblog.blogspot.com/2008/02/starring-role-for-follow-on-biologics.html (accessed February 11, 2008).

27. Merck and Co., Inc., “Merck & Co., Inc. to Acquire GlycoFi, Inc.,” press release, May 9, 2006, available at http://www.glycofi.com/news/050906.html (accessed March 30, 2011).

28. Jonathan D. Rockoff, Wall Street Journal Health Blog, post, available at http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2010/05/11/merck-scraps-once-promising-follow-on-biologic-for-anemia (accessed May 11, 2010).

29. Ibid.

30. Cynthia Challener, “Follow-on Biologics Present Opportunity to Big Pharma,” ICIS.com, February 10, 2010, available at http://www.icis.com/Articles/2010/02/15/9333235/follow-on-biologics-present-opportunity-to-big-pharma.html (accessed March 30, 2011).

31. Ellen Foster Licking and Joseph Haas, “A Two-Pharma Horse Race in Follow-on Biologics,” In Vivo: The Business and Medicine Report, February 2009, 19.

32. Quoted in ibid.

InnoCentive

1. Jeff Howe, Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business (New York: Crown Business, 2008); Henry Chesbrough, Wim Vanhaverbeke, and Joel West, eds., Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2004).

2. Joel Achenbach, “Government Finds Giving Prizes Can Be Rewarding; Contests Offer Different Way to Find Solutions for Problems,” Washington Post, April 30, 2010, A18.

3. Ibid.; Haydn Shaughnessy, “Marketplace for Minds and Ideas,” Irish Times, September 22, 2008, 17.

4. Shaughnessy, “Marketplace for Minds and Ideas.”

5. IdeaWicket, available at http://www.ideawicket.com (accessed August 16, 2010); NineSigma, available at http://www.ninesigma.com (accessed August 16, 2010); available at Napkin Labs, http://www.napkinlabs.com (accessed August 16, 2010).

6. InnoCentive, available at http://www.innocentive.com (accessed August 16, 2010).

7. “What Is InnoCentive?” available at http://www.innocentive.com/what-is-innocentive (accessed August 16, 2010).

8. Laura Rich, “Tapping the Wisdom of the Crowd,” New York Times, August 4, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 30, 2011).

9. Scott Kirsner, “Necessity Forces Companies to Look for Outside Ideas,” Boston Globe, December 27, 2009, available at http://www.boston.com (accessed March, 2011).

10. Cornelia Dean, “If You Have a Problem, Ask Everyone,” New York Times, July 22, 2008, F1.

11. Shelly DuBois, “X Prize Goes Corporate,” Fortune, August 5, 2010, available at http://money.cnn.com.

12. Dean, “If You Have a Problem, Ask Everyone.”

13. “NASA Announces Winners of Space Life Sciences Open Innovation Competition,” Defense and Aerospace Week, July 21, 2010, 18.

14. Ibid.

15. “NASA Innovation Pavilion,” available at https://gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/browse?pavilionName=NASA&pavilionId=1918&source=pavilion (accessed August 16, 2010); “NASA Challenge: Medical Consumables Tracking,” available at https://gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/9455022 (accessed August 16, 2010); “NASA Challenge: Coordination of Sensor Swarms for Extraterrestrial Research,” available at https://gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/9232382 (accessed August 16, 2010).

16. “NASA Innovation Pavilion.”

17. “InnoCentive and NASA Offer Global Community Opportunity to Advance U.S. Space Program,” Marketwire, January 13, 2010.

18. Tom Zeller, “Estimates Suggest Spill Is Biggest in U.S. History,” New York Times, May 28, 2010, A15, available at http://www.nytimes.com; “Emergency Response 2.0: Solutions to Respond to Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico,” available at https://gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/9383447 (accessed August 16, 2010).

19. “InnoCentive Issues Call to Action for Innovative Solutions to Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico,” Marketwire, May 4, 2010.

20. Alissa Walker, “BP to InnoCentive: Sorry, We Don’t Want Your 908 Ideas for Saving the Gulf,” FastCompany, June 23, 2010, available at http://www.fastcompany.com.

21. David Brown, “What’s Harder than Stopping the Oil? Getting BP to Listen to Suggestions,” Washington Post, July 3, 2010, A1.

22. Walker, “BP to InnoCentive.”

Museum Licensing

1. Kamil Idris, Intellectual Property: A Power Tool for Economic Growth (New York: World Intellectual Property Association, 2003).

2. Alan Riding, “Abu Dhabi Is to Gain a Louvre of Its Own,” New York Times, January 13, 2007, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

3. Noric Dilanchian, “Louvre Abu Dhabi: Museum Licensing Shifts more than Revenues,” available at http://www.dilanchian.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=228:louvre-abu-dhabi-museum-licensing-shifts-more-than-revenues&catid=23:ip&Itemid=114 (accessed January 25, 2010).

4. Riding, “Abu Dhabi Is to Gain a Louvre of Its Own.”

5. Ibid.

6. Carol Vogel, “Abu Dhabi Gets a Sampler of World Art,” New York Times, May 26, 2009, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

7. Alan Riding, “The Louvre’s Art: Priceless. The Louvre’s Name: Expensive,” New York Times, March 7, 2007, available at http://query.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

8. Riding, “Abu Dhabi Is to Gain a Louvre of Its Own.”

9. Riding, “The Louvre’s Art.”

10. Eliza Gallo, “Museum Quality,” Gifts & Decorative Accessories , no. 4 (2000).

11. Quoted in ibid.

12. Alain d’Astous, François Colbert, and Marilyne Fournier, “An Experimental Investigation of the Use of Brand Extension and Co-Branding Strategies in the Arts,” Journal of Services Marketing 21, no. 4 (2007): 231 (internal quotations omitted).

13. Ibid.

14. “Crafty Licensing,” License! Europe (April/May 2005): 38–39.

15. Gallo, “Museum Quality.”

16. Michele Gerber, “Folk Core,” License! (2006).

17. SeJeong Kim, “Understanding of Museum Branding and Its Consequences on Museum Finance” (master’s thesis, University of Akron, 2008).

18. Tatyana D. Sizonenko-Leventhal, “Remodeling the Museum’s Image through Branding: Benefits and Challenges associated with Branding in the San Francisco Bay Area Museums,” unpublished manuscript, 2003, 13.

19. Sean Hargrave, “Breaking out of Glass Cases,” New Media Age, July 15, 2004, 18.

20. Ibid.

21. Dan Fost, “Killer Statue: Psyched about the Site!” New York Times, March 12, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Beatriz Plaza, “The Return on Investment of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , no. 2 (2006): 452, 464.

25. Carol Vogel, “Rebuilding? It’s Time for Rebranding,” New York Times, March 30, 2005, available at http://www.nytimes.com (accessed March 15, 2011).

Smartphones

1. “Where Would Jesus Queue?” Economist, July 5, 2007, available at http://www.economist.com/node/9443542?story_id=9443542 (accessed March 11, 2011).

2. “Apple’s “Magical” iPhone Unveiled,” BBC News, January 9, 2007, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6246063.stm (accessed March 11, 2011).

3. Apple, Inc., “Apple Sells One Millionth iPhone,” press release, September 10, 2007, available at http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/10iphone.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

4. “About RIM,” available at http://us.blackberry.com (accessed August 30, 2010); “Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia, BlackBerry: A Teaching Case Study for WIPO,” 2008, 3, available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/academy/en/ipacademies/educational_materials/cs2_blackberry.pdf (accessed March 13, 2011).

5. “About InterDigital,” available at http://www.interdigital.com/about_inter digital (accessed August 30, 2010).

6. Tom Krazit, “Apple Signs iPhone Patent Deal with Interdigital,” CNet News, September 7, 2007, available at http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-9773982-37.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

7. “Form 8-K,” available at http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1405495/000115752307009039/a5487526.txt (accessed August 30, 2010); Krazit, “Apple Signs iPhone Patent Deal.”

8. Krazit, “Apple Signs iPhone Patent Deal.”

9. InterDigital, Inc., “InterDigital Signs RIM to Worldwide 3G Patent License,” press release, October 11, 2007, available at http://ir.interdigital.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=321949 (accessed March 11, 2011).

10. Samsung, available at http://www.samsung.com/us (accessed August 30, 2010).

11. Dave Mock, “InterDigital to Samsung: Pay Up,” Motley Fool, April 10, 2007, available at http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/04/10/interdigital-to-samsung-pay-up.aspx (accessed March 11, 2011); Dave Kawamoto, “Samsung and InterDigital Reach 3G and 2G Settlement,” CNet News, November 25, 2008, available at http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-10107647-94.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

12. “Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia,” 3, 6.

13 Marc Perton, Engadget blog, post, available at http://www.engadget.com/2006/02/02/doj-begs-judge-to-halt-blackberry-shutdown/ (accessed February 2, 2006).

14. Tarmo Virki, “Nokia-Apple Row May Last more than 1 Year,” Reuters, October 28, 2009, available at http://in.reuters.com (accessed March 11, 2011).

15. Olga Kharif, “Complex Smartphones Are the Latest Patent Battleground,” BusinessWeek, May 12, 2010, available at http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/may2010/tc20100512_956709.htm (accessed March 11, 2011).

16. Leslie Katz, “Apple Seeks U.S. Ban on Nokia Imports,” CNet News, January 19, 2010, available at http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10436415-37.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

17. Quoted in Kharif, “Complex Smartphones.”

18. Roberta Cozza and Monica Basso, “Gartner, Android and Other Open Source Platforms Will Drive Innovation in the Smartphone Market,” unpublished paper, 2009.

19. “Research in Motion Attacks the iPhone,” MarketWatch, August 3, 2010, available at http://www.marketwatch.com/story/research-in-motion-goes-after-apples-iphone-2010-08-03 (accessed March 11, 2011).

20. David Kolle, “Samsung to Release iPad Competitor,” Informative Report, August 5, 2010, available at http://theinformativereport.com/2010/08/samsung-to-release-ipad-competitor (accessed March 30, 2011); Calvin Reid, “IPads Rule at Untethered 2010,” Publishers Weekly, June 21, 2010, available at http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/43575-ipads-rule-at-untethered-2010.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

21. InterDigital, Inc., “InterDigital Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2009 Financial Results,” press release, February 24, 2010, available at http://ir.interdigital.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=447047 (accessed March 11, 2011).

22. Steven Halpern, BloggingStocks, post, available at http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2010/02/15/qualcomm-qcom-enabling-smartphones (accessed February 15, 2010).

23. Kharif, “Complex Smartphones.”

24. Halpern, BloggingStocks.

25. Kharif, “Complex Smartphones.”

26. J. Jason Williams, Mark V. Campagna, and Olivia E. Marbutt, “Strategies for Combating Patent Trolls,” Journal of Intellectual Property Law (2010): 367, 368n1.

27. TKorea (Telecoms Korea), “Korean Firms Threatened by Patent Trolls,” no longer available at http://www.telecomskorea.com (accessed August 20, 2007).

28. Anne Morris, “Editor’s View,” Total Telecom, May 1, 2007, available at http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=352263 (accessed March 11, 2011).

Starbucks versus Ethiopia

1. “Coffee Consumption,” available at http://www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_1038_coffee_consumption_ver2.pdf (accessed August 10, 2010).

2. Anton Foek, “Trademarking Coffee: Starbucks Cuts Ethiopia Deal,” CorpWatch, May 8, 2007, available at http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14474 (accessed March 11, 2011).

3. “Our Company,” available at http://www.starbucks.com/about-us/company-information (accessed August 10, 2010).

4. “Company Profile,” available at http://assets.starbucks.com/assets/company-profile-feb10.pdf (accessed August 10, 2010); Joseph A. Michelli, The Starbucks Experience: 5 Principles for Turning Ordinary into Extraordinary (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 2.

5. Cora Daniels, “Mr. Coffee: The Man behind the $4.75 Frappuccino Makes the 500,” CNN.com, April 14, 2003, available at http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/04/14/340892/index.htm (accessed March 11, 2011).

6. Bryant Simon, Everything but the Coffee: Learning about America from Starbucks (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 2.

7. Cal Fussman, “Alice Cooper: What I’ve Learned,” Esquire, January 2, 2009, available at http://www.esquire.com/features/what-ive-learned/alice-cooper-quotes-0109 (accessed March 11, 2011).

8. “The Role of Trademarks in Marketing,” WIPO Magazine (February 2002), available at http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/wipo_magazine/02_2002.pdf (accessed March 11, 2011).

9. “Being a Responsible Company,” available at http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility (accessed August 10, 2010).

10. Interbrand, “Best Global Brands 2009 Rankings,” available at http://www.interbrand.com (accessed August 10, 2010).

11. US Patent and Trademark Office, “Trademark Electronic Search System,” available at http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/gate.exe?f=searchss&state=4009:kj4p4g.1.1 (search for “Starbucks” and then click “Live” radio button) (accessed March 11, 2011).

12. Ruth David, “Struck by Starbucks,” Forbes.com, March 15, 2007, available at http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/15/starbuck-starstruck-patent-markets-equity-cx_rd_0314markets5.html (accessed March 11, 2011).

13. Tassew Woldehanna, “The Experiences of Measuring and Monitoring Poverty in Ethiopia,” 2004, iv, available at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/padi/ethiopia_paper.pdf (accessed March 11, 2011).

14. Dominic Rushe, “Starbucks Brews Battle with Ethiopia,” Australian, March 10, 2007, available at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/starbucks-brews-battle-with-ethiopia/story-e6frg8zx-1111113129153 (accessed March 11, 2011).

15. Stephan Faris, “Starbucks vs. Ethiopia,” Fortune, February 26, 2007, available at http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/03/05/8401343/index.htm (accessed March 11, 2011).

16. Lightyears IP, “Ethiopian Fine Coffee,” available at http://www.lightyearsip.net/projects/ethiopiancoffee (accessed August 10, 2010); Arnold and Porter, “Pro Bono,” available at http://www.arnoldporter.com/probono.cfm (accessed August 10, 2010); Faris, “Starbucks vs. Ethiopia.”

17. Faris, “Starbucks vs. Ethiopia.”

18. Ethiopian Coffee Network, “What’s This All About?” available at http://www.ethiopiancoffeenetwork.com/about.shtml (accessed August 10, 2010); Ethiopian Coffee Network, “Trademark License Agreements,” available at http://www.ethiopiancoffeenetwork.com/licensing3.shtml (accessed August 10, 2010); Ethiopian Coffee Network, available at http://www.ethiopiancoffeenetwork.com (accessed August 10, 2010); Ethiopian Coffee Network, “FAQ,” available at http://www.ethiopiancoffeenetwork.com/faq.shtml (accessed August 10, 2010).

19. US Patent and Trademark Office, “Trademark Electronic Search System,” available at http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/gate.exe?f=searchss&state=4010:h25n2p.1.1 (search for “Shirkina Sun-Dried Sidamo”) (accessed March 11, 2011).

20. Faris, “Starbucks vs. Ethiopia.”

21. “Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia, Sidamo: A Teaching Case for WIPO,” 2009, 13, available at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/academy/en/ipacademies/educational_materials/cs4_sidamo.pdf (accessed March 11, 2011).

22. Maria Brownell, “Coffee Trademark Licensing for Farmers: Brewing a Farmer-Owned Brand,” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 14, no. 291 (2009): 303–307.

23. “Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia, Sidamo,” 7–9.

24. US Patent and Trademark Office, “TDR Database, Administrative Response,” available at http://tmportal.uspto.gov/external/PA_TOWUserInterface/Open ServletWindow?serialNumber=78589307&scanDate=2006081734846&DocDesc=Administrative+Response&docType=ADR&currentPage=1&rowNum=13&rowCount=21&formattedDate=17-Aug-2006 (accessed March 30, 2011); US Patent and Trademark Office, “TDR Database, Response to Official Action,” available at http://tmportal.uspto.gov/external/PA_TOWUserInterface/OpenServletWindow?serialNumber=78589307&scanDate=2007011841387&DocDesc=Response+to+Office+Action&docType=ROA&currentPage=1&rowNum=12&rowCount=21&formattedDate=17-Jan-2007 (accessed March 30, 2011).

25. Black Gold: A Film about Coffee and Trade, available at http://www.blackgoldmovie.com (accessed August 10, 2010).

26. Quoted in Simon, Everything but the Coffee, 233–234.

27. Douglas Holt, “Brand Hypocrisy at Starbucks,” unpublished paper, Said Business School, University of Oxford, 2005.

28. Simon, Everything but the Coffee, 236.

29. Quoted in David Bollier, “Starbucks, Trademarks, and Coffee Colonialism,” On the Commons, March 6, 2007, available at http://onthecommons.org/starbucks-trademarks-and-coffee-colonialism (accessed March 11, 2011).

30. Mary O’Kicki, “Lessons Learned from Ethiopia’s Trademarking and Licensing Initiative: Is the European Union’s Position on Geographical Indications Really Beneficial for Developing Nations?” Loyola University Chicago International Law Review , no. 311 (2009): 333.

31. Simon, Everything but the Coffee, 235.

32. Ethiopian Coffee Network, “Legal Issues,” available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DiWK81j7fg (accessed August 10, 2010).

United Technology Commercialization

1. Chronicle of Higher Education, Almanac of Higher Education (2009), available at http://chronicle.com/section/Almanac-of-Higher-Education/141 (accessed March 11, 2011). The bulk of this revenue came from New York University’s whopping $791 million in fiscal year 2007 licensing revenue, of which a substantial part came from a onetime payment of $650 million for rights to the drug Remicade. The average licensing revenue of the top-ten performers, not including New York University, is about $75.7 million.

2. Saul Lach and Mark Schankerman, “Incentives and Invention in Universities,” Rand Journal of Economics 39, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 403.

3. John Lipinski, Marcel C. Minutolo, and Laura M. Crothers, “The Complex Relationship Driving Technology Transfer: The Potential Opportunities Missed by Universities,” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 9, no. 2 (January 2008): 112–133.

4. See, for example, Jay P. Kesan, “Transferring Innovation,” Fordham Law Review (2009): 2169.

5. Rajendra K. Bera, “The Story of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” Current Science 96, no. 6 (March 25, 2009): 760.

6. Kesan, “Transferring Innovation,” 2174; Bera, “Story of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 1797.

7. Commission on Life Sciences, Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology: Summary of a Workshop Held at the National Academy of Sciences, February 15–16, 1996 (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1997), 41; Maryann P. Feldman, Alessandra Colaianni, and Connie Kang Liu, “Lessons from the Commercialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents: The Stanford University Licensing Program,” in Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovations: A Handbook of Best Practices, ed. Anatole Krattiger et al. (Oxford: Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development, 2007), 1797.

8. Feldman, Colaianni, and Liu, “Lessons from the Commercialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 1797.

9. Mariann Jelinek and Stephen Markham, “Industry-University IP Relations: Integrating Perspectives and Policy Solutions” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , no. 2 (May 2007): 259.

10. Feldman, Colaianni, and Liu, “Lessons from the Commercialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 1798.

11. Ibid., 1800.

12. See, for example, Kesan, “Transferring Innovation,” 2169. See also Lipinski, Minutolo, and Crothers, “The Complex Relationship Driving Technology Transfer.”

13. Bera, “Story of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 761.

14. Arti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg, “Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine,” Law and Contemporary Problems 66, no. 289 (2003): 290.

15. For a discussion of the use of inventor royalties in university licensing, see Saul Lach and Mark Schankerman, “Incentives and Invention in Universities,” Rand Journal of Economics , no. 2 (Summer 2008): 403–433.

16. See, for example, Risa L. Lieberwitz, “The Marketing of Higher Education: The Price of the University’s Soul,” Cornell Law Review , no. 763 (2004): 798. Lieberwitz is highly skeptical of the increased ties between academia and industry, stating that “commercialization of the university is a crisis for higher education.”

17. Jelinek and Markham, “Industry-University IP Relations,” 266.

18. Feldman, Colaianni, and Liu, “Lessons from the Commercialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 1798.

19. Rai and Eisenberg, “Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine,” 300.

20. Regional economic development is especially prominent in public university settings. For example, the State University of New York recently adopted a new strategic plan in which statewide economic development is a central pillar. Private, not-for-profit universities (such as Widener University) have increasingly touted their economic development potential as well. Typically, the IP strategies pursued by public and private universities today are far more similar than they are different.

21. Feldman, Colaianni, and Liu, “Lessons from the Commercialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents,” 1800.

22. Commission on Life Sciences, Intellectual Property Rights and Research Tools in Molecular Biology, 41.

23. Jelinek Markham, “Industry-University IP Relations,” 262.

24. See, for example, Annetine C. Gelijns and Samuel O. Their, “Medical Innovation and Institutional Interdependence: Rethinking University-Industry Connections,” Journal of the American Medical Association , no. 1 (January 2, 2002): 75.

25. Jelinek Markham, “Industry-University IP Relations,” 259.

26. Lipinski, Minutolo, and Crothers, “The Complex Relationship Driving Technology Transfer,” 119.

27. See, for example, Lieberwitz, “The Marketing of Higher Education,” 789.

28. Kesan, “Transferring Innovation,” 2180.