Convergent Evolution: Limited Forms Most Beautiful

Index of Topics

Index of Topics β-elimination, 201–202 Biological form convergent (see Convergent evolution) impossible, 250–252 nonexistent, 12, 16, 19, 21, 25, 29, 38, 66, 96, 103, 170–171, 174–175, 250–254, 260–264 Bipedalism, 23–25 Bird-pollinated flowers, 123–125 Birds, ground-dwelling, 147–155 Breathing systems, 75–77 Burrowing forms, 26–29 C4 photosynthesis, 101–105 Cactus forms, 112–114 Camera eyes, 38, 70–72 Camouflage, 8–9 Cantharophilous flowers, 119–121 Carbon-based life, 254–256 Carnivores animals, 30–49 plants, 135–138 Carrion-mimic flowers, 120–122 Cecal fermentation, 57–59 Cellular structures, 205–206 Cellulose digestion, 57–59 Chemical armor, 63–64 Chitin digestion, 202–203 Claws, retractable, 43–47 CO2 hydration, 202–203 Compound eyes, 38, 69–72 Constraints. See Evolutionary constraints Contingency, 265–277 Convergent evolution animals and, 13–91 ecosystems and, 135–175 minds and, 209–243 molecules and, 177–207 plants and, 93–133 recognition of, 1–5 theoretical morphospaces and, 246–252 Crystallin proteins, 198–200 Acetylene digestion, 255 Adaptive improvement, 267–268, 272–273 Adriatic ecosystems, 163 Agricultural limitations, 227 Agriculture, 222–228 Aldehyde oxidoreductase, 186–187 Animals armored, 63–64 carnivores, 30–49 convergent, 13–91 herbivores, 50–60 locomotion and, 13–30 poisonous, 45, 48–49, 64–66 reproduction, 81–91 Antidehydration cactus forms and, 112–114 succulent structures and, 112–114 Antifreeze proteins, 189–192 Arborescence, 93–97 Architectural limitations, 222 Architecture, 212–222 Armor chemical, 63–64 spinose, 63–64 tanklike, 63–64 Art, 218 Astrobiology, 254, 265–266, 276 Asymmetric ears, 40–41 Australian ecosystems, 157–160 Beaks ducklike, 59–60 parrotlike, 59–60 raptorial, 44, 47–48 Beetle-pollinated flowers, 119–121 Behavior agricultural, 222–228 architectural, 212–222 artistic, 218 eusocial, 228–231 herding, 231–235 hunting, 235–238 320 Index of Topics “Deep homology,” 6, 38, 71, 101, 257–260 Defense antidehydration, 112–114 antiherbivore, 105–112 antipredator, 60–66 Determinism, 265–277 Developmental constraint, 7–8, 19, 21, 25, 29, 38, 46, 66, 71, 77, 103, 245–262 Developmental inertia, 25 Digestion acetylene and, 255 cecal-fermentation, 57–59 cellulose and, 57–59 chitin and, 202–203 digestive proteins, 183–185 gastric mills and, 50–53 ruminate, 57–59 stomachal-fermentation, 57–59 Directionality of evolution, 265–277 DNA aldehyde oxidoreductase–encoding, 186–187 cis-regulatory, 188 mitochondrial, 185–186 opsin-encoding, 179–183 pancreatic ribonuclease–encoding, 184–185 rhodopsin-encoding, 179–183 stomach lysozyme–encoding, 183–184 Ducklike beaks, 59–60 Ears asymmetric, 40–41 tympanal, 40–41, 72–75 Ecological equivalents birds and mammals, 147–153 insectivorous, 140–142 marsupials and placentals, 160–163 Mesozoic and Cenozoic, 57, 153, 155, 163–168, 216, 233–234 myrmecophagous, 142–144 necrophagous, 144–145, 235, 237–238 nectarivorous, 145–147 South American, 62 Ecospace, 168–175 Ecosystems Adriatic, 163 Australian, 157–160 convergent, 155–175 Madagascar, 157 Mesozoic and Cenozoic, 160–163 New Zealand, 156–157 South American, 160–163 EDA protein, 195–196 Electric fields detection, 33, 38–40 generation, 45, 49 Endothermy, 77–80 Enlarged eyes, 33, 36 Enzyme functions β-elimination, 201–202 chitin digestion, 202–203 CO2 hydration, 202–203 hammerhead ribozyme, 204–205 lysyl-tRNA synthesis, 203–204 peptide-bond hydrolysis, 202–203 sugar phosphorylation, 201–202 Eusociality, 228–231 Evolution convergent (see Convergent evolution) parallel, 3–7, 71, 81, 178, 183, 188 predictability of, 265–277 reverse, 4–5 unique, 246 Evolutionary constraints developmental, 7–8, 19, 21, 25, 29, 38, 46, 66, 71, 77, 103, 245–262 extrinsic, 252 functional, 7–8, 13, 17, 22, 25, 29, 38, 46, 66, 96, 125, 245–264 intrinsic, 253 Evolutionary development (evo-devo), 7 Exploding seeds, 127, 129 Extraterrestrial life developmental constraint and, 258–260, 276 non-carbon-based, 254–256 non-DNA-coded, 256–257 right-coiled amino acid–constructed, 257–258 Extrinsic constraints, 252 Eyes camera, 38, 70–72 compound, 38, 69–72 crystallin proteins, 198–200 enlarged, 33, 36 horizontal-slit pupils, 32, 36, 61 photoreceptor proteins, 179–183 types of, 67–72 vertical-slit pupils, 31–35 Flowers cantharophilous (beetle-pollinated), 119–121 gigantism and, 120–122 ornithophilous (bird-pollinated), 123–125 sapromyiophilous (carrion-mimic), 120–122 Flying forms, 17–20, 260–264 Form convergent (see Convergent evolution) impossible, 250–252 Index of Topics 321 nonexistent, 12, 16, 19, 21, 25, 29, 38, 66, 96, 103, 170–171, 174–175, 250–254, 260–264 Freedom, 265–277 Fruit, 127, 129...