The Global Biopolitics of the IUD: How Science Constructs Contraceptive Users and Women's Bodies

Notes

Notes Preface 1. Thanks to Barbara B. Crane for planting the seed in my mind that led to this book. 2. Takeshita (2010). 3. See Haraway (1988) and Harding (1991). 4. See Harris (2000). 5. Takeshita (2004). Chapter 1 1. See Oudshoorn (2003b) for the history of the trajectories of male contraceptive development. 2. Clarke (2000, 50). 3. Whyte, van der Geest, and Hardon (2002, 13). 4. Foucault (1976). Biopower is discussed more fully later in this chapter. 5. Oudshoorn (1994) and Clarke (1998). Historical studies on the first female oral contraceptive also include Watkins (1998), Marks (2001), Briggs (2002), and Laveaga (2009). 6. Statistical ranking is according to the World Contraceptive Use 2005 (United Nations , Department of Social and Economic Affairs) found at: http://www.un.org/esa/ population/publications/contraceptive2005/WCU2005.htm.See D’Arcangues (2007) for information on the worldwide distribution of the IUD. 7. See Tandon (2010) for the story of Abi Santosh’s attempt to eliminate the side effects of the copper T by coating the copper with biodegradable polymers in an effort to increase acceptance of this device. He is one of the sixty-seven researchers 172 Notes to Pages 8–11 selected for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s award for innovations in global health improvement in 2010. 8. See McCullough (2010). 9. Seaman (1969). 10. Mintz (1985). 11. Seaman and Seaman (1977). 12. Grant (1992), Hicks (1994), and Hawkins (1997). 13. Tone (1999, 388). 14. Hartmann (1995). 15. Halfon (2007). 16. Dixon-Mueller (1993). 17. Feldt (2004). 18. Winner (1986) and MacKenzie and Wajcman (1999) represent these STS approaches . Haraway (1988) introduced the idea of situatedness. 19. Dugdale (1999, 2000). 20. Dugdale (1995). Her dissertation extends into the late 1980s, but the document is not easily accessible for the public. 21. Bashford (2008, 330). 22. See Connelly (2008) for a detailed historical account of the population establishment. 23. Ehrlich (1968). 24. See Barrett and Frank (1999) for prewar, interwar, and postwar transformations of the population problem as conceived in the international arena. 25. Barrett and Kurzman (2004). 26. Gordon (2007). 27. Ibid. (280). 28. Quoted in Grant (1992, 31) and Tone (1999, 380). 29. Davis (1971, 34). 30. Quoted in Connelly (2008, 166). 31. Connelly (2006, 220). 32. Connelly (2008, 166). Notes to Pages 11–16 173 33. Ibid. 34. Connelly (2003, esp. 127). 35. Bashford (2007). 36. Bashford (2008). 37. Hodgson and Watkins (1997, esp. 472). 38. See note 2 in Barrett and Frank (1999, 318). 39. IUD models developed independent of the Population Council include the Saf-T-Coil, the Dalkon Shield, and the Copper-7, which were marketed independently by pharmaceutical companies and have since been withdrawn. A number of models developed in Europe are still in circulation, but not as widely as the devices developed by the council. China and other communist countries, such as the former Soviet Union, Cuba, and Vietnam, are large users of the device, whose efforts were independent of Western interventions. See Gu et al. (1994). 40. Population Council (1955, 5). 41. Onorato (1990). 42. Connelly (2008, 159). 43. Onorato (1990, 1567). 44. Ibid. 45. Connelly (2008). 46. Onorato (1990). 47. Ishihama (1959) and Oppenheimer (1959). 48. Population Council (1961, 19). 49. Onorato (1990, 162). The Population Council’s preference for long-term imposable methods is noticeable in their choice of subdermal implant as its next major contraceptive development project after the IUD. 50. Onorato (1990, tables 7.4 and 7.5) provides details of the council’s funding. 51. Population Council (1971, 1975, 1983). 52. Berelson (1965, 13). 53. Clarke and Montini (1993, 45) define “implicated actors” as those for whom actions taken “will be consequential, regardless of their current presence.” 54. See the introduction of Oudshoorn and Pinch (2003) for an overview on STS approaches to users. 55. Oudshoorn (2000, 138). 174 Notes to Pages 16–23 56. van Kammen (2000). 57. Dugdale (2000). 58. Ibid. (167). 59. Woolgar (1991, 59). 60. Akrich (1992, 209). 61. Oudshoorn and Pinch (2003, 17). See also Lindsay (2003). 62. Oudshoorn and Pinch (2003). 63. Oudshoorn (2003a). 64. I elaborate on the notion of biopolitical script later in this chapter. 65. See Collins (2000) and Crenshaw (1991) for seminal work on intersectionality. 66. Haraway (1997). For an example of feminist scholarship employing diffraction to advocate change, see Clarke and Olsen (1999). Barad (2007) greatly expands on and employs diffractive methodology to develop the notion...