Encounters of the Spirit: Native Americans and European Colonial Religion

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe and A Journal of the Plague Year (New York: Random House, 1948), 232, 243–44. 2. The novel’s original title was Life and Strange and Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. 3. Gary B. Nash, ‘‘The Concept of Inevitability in the History of EuropeanIndian Relations,’’ in Inequality in Early America, ed. Carla Gardina Pestana and Sharon V. Salinger (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1999), 267–80, traces this historiography from the colonial era through the 1950s, with special attention to American history textbooks. 4. This revisionist model of interpretation is best represented by Francis P. Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975). 5. While many recent works embody this changing perspective, one eloquent articulation of it is in the prologue to Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 1–10. 6. On the notion of natives encountering new worlds in the wake of the European arrival, see James H. Merrell, The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989). On the need to bring Indians into the center of early American histories, see James H. Merrell, ‘‘Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians,’’ William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 46 (1989): 94–119, and Daniel K. Richter, ‘‘Whose Indian History?’’ William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 50 (1993): 379–93. 7. James Axtell makes a similar point in ‘‘The Indian Impact on English Colonial Culture,’’ in his The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 272–75. Recent works that do suggest ways in which Euro-Americans’ religion was influenced by the encounter with Indians include Natalie Zemon Davis, Women on the Margins : Three Seventeenth-Century Lives (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 63–139 (on Marie de l’Incarnation); Richard Cogley, John Eliot’s Mission to the Indians before King Philip’s War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); Gerald R. McDermott, ‘‘Jonathan Edwards and American Indians: 208 NOTES TO PAGES 4–7 The Devil Sucks Their Blood,’’ New England Quarterly 72 (1999): 539–57; Erik R. Seeman, ‘‘Reading Indians’ Deathbed Scenes: Ethnohistorical and Representational Approaches,’’ Journal of American History 88 (2001): 17–47; and Russell Bourne, Gods of War, Gods of Peace: How the Meeting of Native and Colonial Religions Shaped Early America (New York: Harcourt, 2002). 8. James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 9. Kenneth M. Morrison, The Solidarity of Kin: Ethnohistory, Religious Studies, and the Algonkian-French Religious Encounter (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 3. 10. Among writings too voluminous to cite here, representative works include Neal Salisbury, ‘‘ ‘I Loved the Place of My Dwelling’: Puritan Missionaries and Native Americans in Seventeenth-Century Southern New England,’’ in Pestana and Salinger, Inequality in Early America, 111–33; James P. Ronda, ‘‘ ‘We Are Well As We Are’: An Indian Critique of Seventeenth-Century Christian Missions,’’ William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. ser., 34 (1977): 66–82; Daniel K. Richter, ‘‘ ‘Some of Them . . . Would Always Have a Minister with Them’: Mohawk Protestantism, 1683–1719,’’ American Indian Quarterly 16 (1992): 471–84; Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Jane T. Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700–1763 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); and Joel W. Martin, Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees’ Struggle for a New World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991). 11. Salisbury, ‘‘ ‘I Loved the Place of My Dwelling,’ ’’ 112. 12. James H. Merrell, ‘‘ ‘The Customes of Our Countrey’: Indians and Colonists in Early America,’’ in Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire, ed. Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 146–52; Axtell, Invasion Within, 242–43; Stafford Poole, ‘‘Some Observations on Mission Methods and Native Reactions in Sixteenth-Century New Spain,’’ Americas 50 (1994): 338. 13. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), xi. 14. Michael D. McNally, ‘‘The Practice of Native American Christianity,’’ Church History 69 (2000): 834–59; Joel...