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Index
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247 Index Acehnese culture, Achille Lauro (ship), Ad Hoc Committee on Terrorism, – adaptations to terrorism, . See also responses and retaliation Afghanistan: Cold War conflicts, , ; contrasted with Iraq, ; as failed state, ; military campaign in, , , –, , , , ; missile strikes, ; opium trade, , , –n; regime change, ; sanctions, , , ; Security Council and, ; September attacks and, , –, – ; Soviet occupation, ; Taliban regime, , , – Africa, , , . See also specific nations African National Congress (ANC), African Union, , , Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), Aga Khan Foundation, – An Agenda for Peace, aircraft attacks: multilateral agreements on, , , ; Pan Am flight (Lockerbie) bombing, , , –, n; UTA flight (Niger) bombing, , , – airport safety, Al Qaeda: Afghan conflict, , –; amphibolous terrorism, ; asymmetrical violence, ; attention shifted from, ; centers of operation, , , n, ; contrasted with other terror groups, ; criminal connections, ; effect on international politics, ; failed states and, –; financial network, , , , , n, –n, n; focus on, ; Geneva Conventions and, ; ideological motivations, –, , ; political theology, ; as preeminent threat, ; sanctions, ; September attacks and, ; state sponsorship, ; structure, , , , ; terrorism definitions, ; U.S. responses to, , Albright, Madeleine K., , Algeria, , , , Allende, Salvador, Alvarez, José, n American Bankers Association, Amnesty International, amphibolous terrorism, , , –, , – analytical frameworks, –, – anarchy, – Anderson, Malcolm, Angel, Zuleta, , n Angola, Annan, Kofi: condemnation of terrorism, ; on coordination efforts, –; General Assembly speech, ; Nobel Peace Prize, ; Policy Working Group, ; on prevention of terrorism, –, ; quoted, ; on U.S. response to terror attacks, Anti-Ballistic Missile treaties, anti-colonialism, , , , , anti-globalization, apartheid, , , Arab League, , , , Arab-Israeli conflict, , n, , Argentina, “armed attack” concept, arms trade, –, , n, n, Article , Article , n Article : on self-defense, n, , n; use of force requirements, ; weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and, Asia, . See also specific nations Asian-Europe Meeting (ASEM), n assassination, , n Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), , , n, n asylum, , asymmetrical violence, asymmetries of power, Atta, Mohammed, attribution of terrorist acts, – Aufhauser, David, Aum Shinrikyo, Australia, Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), , aviation and maritime law, – Axelrod, Robert, “axis of evil” speech: Cold War mentality of, ; European position on, ; opposition to, n; public opinion on, ; self-defense and, ; unilateralism and, ; uniting effect of, . See also specific nations Aznar, José María, Azzam, Abdullah, , n banking, , . See also financing terrorism Basel Declaration, Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), , Belgium, –n Benghazi, Libya, Benjamin, Daniel, bin Laden, Osama: amphibolous terrorism, ; attention shifted from, ; charitable support, ; embassy bombings, –; fight against Soviet occupation, ; financial network, , –n; focus on, ; governmental support for, ; ideological motivations, , –, n; personal wealth, ; state sponsorship, ; support Note: Page numbers in bold indicate chapter entries. Page numbers in italics indicate charts and illustrations. 248 Index for, n, ; Taliban regime and, , ; U.S. attacks on, ; U.S. intelligence on, n biological weapons, n. See also weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Bishkek conference, , n Blair, Tony, bombings, , , n Bonn Agreement, Bosnia, , , Boulden, Jane, Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, –, Brahimi, Lakhdar, , n Brazil, Britain. See United Kingdom (UK) Brzezinski, Zbigniew, – “Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism,” – Bull, Hedley, Burkina Faso, Bush, George H. W. (and administration), , , Bush, George W. (and administration): address to Congress, n; “axis of evil” speech, , , , , , n, ; criticized, – ; development assistance, ; General Assembly speech, –; linkage of Iraq and terrorism, ; multilateralist efforts, , – , n; “new” Bush doctrine, –; oversights in war on terror, –; on poverty and terrorism, ; public opinion, , –; response to terrorist attacks, , , –, ; State of the Union Address, ; Sudan conflict, ; UN address, ; Warsaw Conference, ; on weapons of mass destruction (WMD), n Cambodia, Canada, , , Carlos (the Jackal), n Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Caroline incident, Carter, Jimmy (and administration), Carter Center, Castro, Fidel, , causes of terrorism. See root causes of terrorism Central Asia, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), , , Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP), , , , n, n challenges of terrorism, , – Chapter VII of the UN Charter, , , , – , , Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, Chapter IX of the UN Charter, charity: foreign aid and, ; Islamic philanthropy , , –; money-laundering and, –n; terrorism financing and, – , Charter for European Security, Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism, Chechnya, , , , chemical weapons, –, n. See also weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Chemical Weapons Convention, – Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, , – China, , , , Chirac, Jacques, , Chretien, Jean, Christian fundamentalism, civil rights, , n civil wars, civilian targets of terrorism, , , The Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), – clash of civilizations thesis, , – Claude, Inis, Clinton, Bill (and administration), , , – , –, coalitions, , –, Cold War: amphibolous terrorism, –; effect on the UN, ; General Assembly and, ; human rights and, ; institutions affected by, ; Security Council during, , ; state terrorism and, , ; structural legacies, ; terrorism during, , ; transatlantic relations and, ; UN development and, – collective security, , –, , , , . See also self-defense Colombia, , –n colonialism, , , command relationships, Commission on Global Governance, Commission on Human Rights (CHR), –, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), , , “complicit society” thesis, consensus on terrorism, , , . See also defining terrorism conspiracy theories, , Convention for the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism, , –, Convention for the Suppression of...