"Portuguese" Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth - Nineteenth Centuries

Index

Accra, 62 Adanson, M., 57–58 Adeane, 106 adobe (banco), 127–28, 130, 135 in African architecture, 47–48, 50, 51, 52, 57, 60, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 127–29, 130, 135 in colonial architecture, 46, 50–52, 60, 133–34 in Floup architecture, 35 and mixed cultures, 20 and “Portuguese”-style architecture, 36, 44, 46, 49, 59, 78–79, 98 African architecture ekumbane houses, 122–23 French views of, 98, 100–13, 123, 134–43 forts, 37, 45, 138, 139, 158–59n12, 161n40 labyrinths, 37, 55–56, 111, 116–17, 119–20, 159n17 multistory architecture, 51, 57, 74, 138, 127–34, 137 palisades, 35–39, 45, 99–100, 115–22, 159n19, 160n31, 182n55, 183n18 ramparts, 117, 120, 138, 183n18 round, 20, 38, 48–51, 61, 116–17, 120, 123, 135 in Sudan, 52 African housing compounds, 112, 135, 138 dispersed, 37, 115, 120–21 extended-family (fankaf), 115–17, 122, 184n32 fortified, 35–38, 45, 55–56, 98, 100, 103, 111, 115–17, 119–22, 128, 138–39 African kings, 177n67 and Creole language, 15, 150n11 and cultural mixing, 19, 84–85, 87, 90–92, 112 and defensive architecture, 35, 38, 55, 119–20, 138 and interethnic warfare, 162n53 and “Portuguese”-style architecture, 44, 54–56, 72, 91 African religious practices of Floups, 16–7, 30–31 and impact of Christianity, 87 of Manding, 86, 173n30, 182n55 of Serers, 157n111 See also amulets; bubenben (bufókub); charms; chinas (shrines); Christianity; gris-gris; idolâtres; Islam; masks, religious; Muslims; shrines; witchcraft trials African resistance to European colonization , 34, 55, 136, 141 Afzelius, Adam, 27, 105 Albergaria, Soares de, 15 Albreda, 83, 102, 109, 132 center of slave trade, 84, 172n13 French lose control of, 103 mixed cultures at, 82, 89 women traders at, 89 Almada, André Alvares de, 8, 14–5, 26, 36–39, 120, 155n91 alpainters, 17, 53–54, 152n37 Alves, Manuel, 89 Amaral, Ilidio, 64 amber, 45 amulets, 30, 87, 110, 174n35. See also bubenben (bufókub); charms; gris-gris Andrade, Francisco de, 15, 18 Angola, 65, 77, 168n22 arches, rounded, 127, 130, 132–34 Arriatas, 36–37 Astley, Thomas, 25, 59 Atlantic slave trade, 35, 56, 74, 116, 119, 165n92 Badibu, 173n25 Bagas, 153n45 Bagnuns (Bainunks) architecture of, 44 and domestic slavery, 124 ethnic identity of, 6, 86 internal migration of, 114 political power of, 1, 83–84, 124 religious rituals of, 16, 84–85 territory of, 37, 81, 86, 94, 176–77n65 as slave traders, 36, 162n53 social organization of, 4, 34, 176–77n65 as traders, 15, 159n15 as victims of slave raids, 165n92 Bahia (Brazil), 65, 70 Bainunks. See Bagnuns Baiot (Bayottes), 112 Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Balantas architecture of, 35, 135, 160n31 intercultural marriage and, 22 social organization of, 4 trade with Luso-Africans, 100 as warriors, 107 Bamana, 108 Bambuk, 138–39 banco. See adobe Baol, state of, 1 Barbot, Jean, 11, 43, 61 Barlaeus, Caspar, 68 Barreira, Father Balthasar, 15–7 Barth, Fredrick, 5, 22–23 Bathurst (Banjul), 3, 132 Bayottes. See Baiot Beafadas, 37, 42, 160n20, 165n92 beeswax, 45–46, 84, 88, 98, 150n6, 159n16 bekin (shrine), 152n29. See also chinas (shrines); shrines Bertrand-Bocandé, Emmanuel marriage to Luso-African woman, 106 observer of Floup culture, 34, 114–15 observer of Luso-African culture, 100–101 résident of Carabane, 98, 114–17, 120, 122, 127, 157n113, 180n36, 182n1 bidan identity, 26–27, 108. See also white identity Bignona, 126, 136, 182n6 Bijogos, 4, 37, 56, 105, 159nn17,18 Bissagos Islands, 2–3, 37, 39, 56–57, 87, 105 Bissau, 2–3, 9 architecture at, 21, 39, 49, 166n2 French at, 109 king of, 55 Luso-Africans at, 24, 89, 97–98, 100, 104 missionaries at, 174nn37,42 mixed cultures at, 21, 88, 94 Portuguese fort at, 103 bixiiris (bixirins), 52, 153n49 black identity architecture and, 140–41 and religion, 57, 88, 104 occupation and, 89, 103–104, 107 “Portuguese” and, 24–25, 27–28 Blaeu, Johan, 68 Bocandé. See Bertrand-Bocandé, Emmanuel Bocandé, M., 106 Boilat, Abbé, 28–30, 104 Bolole (Floup village), 17, 55, 131, 152n34 Boufflers, Chevalier de, 109 Brazil and “Portuguese”-style architecture, 67–73 and slave architecture, 66, 69–70, 74–78 slavery in, 65, 70, 74 bubenben (bufókub), 30. See also amulets; charms; gris-gris Buluf (Diola region), 6, 173n22 architecture of, 60, 115–16 intervillage alliances of, 120 intervillage warfare in, 121 and migration, 85–86, 124, 158n1 oral traditions of, 85–86, 130, 187nn69,70...