"Portuguese" Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth - Nineteenth Centuries

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Wallerstein theorized identity formation as a dialectical process as early as 1969 in “Ethnicity and National Integration in West Africa,” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, no. 3 (October 1969): 129–138. For a more recent discussion of the subject, see P. Poutignat and J. Streiff-Fenart, eds., Théories de l’Ethnicité (Paris: PUF, 1995), 155. 2. Fredrik Barth, “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries,” in Process and Form in Social Life: Selected Essays of Fredrik Barth (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), 198–227. 3. Louis-Vincent Thomas, Les Diola: Essai d’analyse fonctionelle sur une population de Basse-Casamance (Dakar: IFAN, 1959), 1: 13. 4. “Ich verwende den Begriff Ethnicität nicht als streng analytische Kategorie, die sich eindeutig definieren liesse. Ethnicität ist vielleicht ein Schillerndes Konzept.” Carola Lentz, Die Konstruktion von Ethnizität: Eine politische Geschichte Nord-West Ghanas, 1870–1990 (Köln: Rüdiger Koppe Verlag, 1998), 31. 5. “Die Prozesse der Schöpfung ethnischer Identität sind historisch und regional spezifisch.” Ibid., 34. 6. Lemos Coelho spent twenty-three years on the West African coast as a trader (circa 1640–1665), and he lived for several years in Bissau (1660s) and Cacheu. See P. E. H. Hair, “Introduction,” in Francisco de Lemos Coelho, Description of the Coast of Guinea (1684), translated and with an introduction by P. E. H. Hair (University of Liverpool, Department of History: Privately issued by Prof. Hair, 1985), iii. 7. In a similar historical context, Lentz uses the local term “yir” [patrilineage, family ] in preference to ethnic labels in a discussion of identity. Die Konstruktion von Ethnizit ät, 45. 1. THE EVOLUTION OF “PORTUGUESE” IDENTITY 1. The Inquisition was established in Portugal in 1536. 2. See Maria Emilia Madeira Santos, “Origem e desenvolvimento da colonização: Os primeiros ‘lançados’ na costa da Guiné; aventureiros e comerciantes,” in Portugal no Mundo, edited by Luis de Albuquerque (Lisboa: Publicações Alfa, 1989), 2: 125– 136. 3. The Petite Côte extends from Dakar south to Joal. 4. On the economic history of Luso-Africans, see George Brooks, Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993). See also Brooks, “Perspectives on Luso-African Commerce and Settlement in the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau Regions” (Boston University African Studies Center, Working Papers, 1980); and Jean Boulègue, Les Luso-Africains de Sénégambie , XVIe-XIXe siècle (Paris: Université de Paris I, Centre de Recherches Africaines, 1989). For the seventeenth-century Petite Côte, see Nize Isabel de Moraes, A la découverte de la Petite Côte au XVIIe siècle, 3 vols. (Dakar: Université Cheikh Anta DiopIFAN , 1993–). For Serra Leoa, the southeastern part of “Guinea of Cabo Verde,” the history of the Luso-African community in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is covered by the richly annotated translations of Portuguese, Dutch, and English documents published by P. E. H. Hair in Africana Research Bulletin between 1974 and 1981. 5. Dierck Ruiters, Toortse der Zeevaert [The Torch of Sea Travel], translated by P. E. H. Hair in “Sources for Early Sierra Leone (2): Andrade (1582), Ruiters (1623), Carvalho (1632),” Africana Research Bulletin 5, no. 1 (October 1974): 47–56. Dierck Ruiters was a Dutch sea captain who made several trips to West Africa and participated in Dutch military campaigns to capture Brazil from Portugal, all between about 1602 and 1634. His The Torch of Sea Travel (1623) provides information about the African coast from Senegal to the Congo. 6. For references to this presence, see Francisco de Andrade, “Relação de Francisco de Andrade sobre as ilhas de Cabo Verde (1582),” in Monumenta Missionaria Africana, edited by António Brásio. Series 2, Volume 3: Africa Ocidental , 1570–1600 (Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultramar, Divisão de Publicacões e Biblioteca, 1964), 102. The entire text of “Relação de Francisco de Andrade” is on pages 97–107. Donelha exists in both English and French translation. The English translation as well as the annotations in both editions are by P. E. H. Hair. Except where otherwise noted, I refer to the French edition: Déscription de la Serra Leoa et des Rios de Guiné du Cabo Verde (1625), edited by A. Teixeira da Mota, translated by Léon Bourdon (Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, 1977). Donelha mentions a tangomao named Luis Lopes Rabelo who had spent years at Rio Nunez (163). He also writes that south of the Rio...