Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800

Index

index 283 index Abak (Tiumen khan), 80–81, 85–86, 250n13 Abdul Kerim (Abdyl Kerim) (Astrakhan khan), 88–89 Abdul Muhammed (Abul Mamet) (Kazakh khan, Middle Horde), 163–64 Abdullatif (Crimean prince), 85–87, 90–92, 94–97, 124, 203 Ablay (Kazakh khan, Middle Horde), 172 Abulkhayir (Kazakh khan, Lesser Horde), 59, 152–56, 159–60, 162–66, 212, 265n68 Adil Giray (shamkhal), 37, 66 Adygs. See Circassians Agency of Convert Affairs, 189, 193–96 Ahmad (Great Horde khan), 77–82, 89 Ahmed Giray (Crimean prince), 93–97 Aichuvak (Kazakh prince, Lesser Horde), 182 Aidar (Crimean prince), 83 Akkubek (Astrakhan khan), 105 Alach (Nogay mirza), 89 Alchagir (Nogay mirza), 89 Aleguk (Kabardinian chief), 58 Alexander (king of Georgia), 56, 57, 72 Alexander (king of Poland-Lithuania), 87, 89 Alikhan (Alegam) (Kazan khan), 84–85 Alkas (Kabardinian chief), 58 Alp Giray (Crimean prince), 19, 94 Alpamysh epic, 12, 14 Alphabets, cultural associations of, 185 Amanat. See Hostages Anne (Empress of Russia), 158, 262n13 Annuities (zhalovan’e), 5, 55, 65–66, 205; to Crimean khanate, 93; to Kabardinians, 58, 69; to Kalmyks, 136, 138; to Kazakhs, 169; to Nogays, 111–12, 121–22. See also Presents and payments; Tribute (yasak) Appak (Crimean mirza), 93–94, 96–98 Araslan (Nogay keikuvat), 110 Argyns (Crimean tribe), 11 Armenians, 37, 189, 205, 218, 241n87 Ashtarkhanid dynasty, 147 Assimilation. See Conversion to Orthodox Christianity Astrakhan: captives/slaves and, 113; conquest of, 35, 40, 45, 99, 109, 112, 125, 147; Crimea and, 20–21, 37, 85, 89–90, 92, 95, 97–100; Golden Horde and, 77; Great Horde and, 85; Kabardinians and, 105; Kalmyks and, 130, 134, 136; mosques destroyed in, 194; native schools in, 74; Nogays and, 21, 89, 99–100, 102, 104–105, 108–15, 123–24, 128, 130; Ottoman Empire and, 105, 115–17, 127; presents/ payments and, 119; raids/warfare by, 100, 112; rebellion of, 127; religio-political issues in, 37, 74, 191, 194; socio-political organization of, 8, 12; trade/economy of, 12, 28, 138, 148; tribute and, 65 Astrakhan province, 139, 144, 146, 152, 165 Ayuki (Kalmyk khan), 26, 31–32, 137–40, 266n77 Azov (Azak) (Ottoman, later Russian, fort), 21, 27, 94, 105, 131, 138–39, 192 Baba Sheikh (Crimean mullah), 89 Baki Bey (Nogay leader in the Crimea), 103 Bakunin, Vasilii (Russian of¤cial), 38, 54, 73 Page references in italics refer to illustrations. index 284 Balkars, 15 Barak (Kazakh sultan, Middle Horde), 166–68 Barimta, 167, 179, 212, 214 Baryns (one of the dominant tribes in the Crimea), 11, 85 Bashkirs: ¥ight of, 62, 167–68, 201; Kazakhs and, 152–53, 155, 158–59, 167, 170, 172; land policies toward, 161; Pugachev Uprising and, 173; raids/warfare by, 135– 36, 138, 155, 158, 165; religio-political issues and, 195; representations of, 156, 169, 172, 186; resettlement and, 206; tribute and, 158 Batyr (Kazakh sultan, Middle Horde), 167 Bayazit (Ottoman sultan), 88 Beg (title), 10, 124 Beketov, N. A. (Astrakhan governor), 142, 144 Bekovich-Cherkasskii, Prince Alexander (Kabardinian prince, convert), 25, 55, 68– 69, 155 Belek-Bulat (Nogay mirza, later nureddin), 44–45, 106–107, 111 Belgorod forti¤cation line, 132 Bel’skii, Prince Semen, 23 Bezobrazov, Semen (Muscovite envoy), 65 Bogatur Giray (Crimean kalgay), 94–98, 100 Borders. See Frontiers and borders Bouver, Ia. (Russian general), 181 Buddhism, Tibetan, 14, 148 Bukenbay batyr (Kazakh, Lesser Horde), 153– 54 Bukey (Kazakh khan, Lesser Horde, later Bukey Horde), 182 Bukey Horde, 182, 200 Bukhara, 21, 28, 117, 147–48, 150, 162, 177, 179–81 Buzan River, 61, 113–14, 117 Capital punishment, 212 Captives and slaves, 19, 21–26, 205; as interpreters, 70–71; ransoming of, 19, 22– 25, 96, 154, 175, 223; religious conversion of, 25–26, 113, 138; Russians as, 22, 122, 201, 224. See also Hostages (amanat); speci¤c groups Catherine II, the Great: administrative policies of, 53, 172, 175–76, 213–14; colonization policies of, 142, 217; Muslim clergy and, 39, 175–76, 217; religious tolerance and, 195–96, 208; “wild steppe” representations and, 187 Chagatay khanate, 12, 14 Chagir mirza (Nogay mirza), 252n62 Chakdorjab (Kalmyk khan), 139–40 Chechens, 15–16 Cheremisinov, Ivan (Astrakhan voevoda), 111 Cheren-Donduk (Kalmyk viceroy), 141, 155 Cherkasskii, Sunchaley (Kabardinian prince), 42 Cherkasskii-Kanchokin, Prince (Kabardinian, formerly Korgoka Kanchokin and Andrei Ivanov), 205 China, 32, 51, 59, 139, 142, 168, 170–72 Chinggis Khan, 10, 44 Chinggisid dynasty, 31, 40, 65, 204 Chuvash, 123, 158, 195–96, 198, 201–202 Circassians, 15, 23, 36, 87, 199 Classi¤cation of peoples...