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Plates
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Plates P Plate 1. The Geological Time Scale. Major events in the history of Earth. Ma = millions of years ago. 8.234.139.149] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:08 GMT) Triassic Late Middle Early Induan Olenekian Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian 247.2 252.3 235.0 201.6 Jurassic Age (Ma) Period Epoch Age Late Middle Early Tithonian Kimmeridgian Oxfordian Callovian Bathonian Bajocian Aalenian Toarcian Pliensbachian Sinemurian Hettangian 175.6 161.2 145.5 Cretaceous Late Early Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Albian 99.6 65.5 Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valangianian Berriasian Chicxulub Impact; Mass Extinction Maximum diversity of hadrosaurids and ceratopsians Oldest snakes Oldest angiosperms (flowering plants) Great diversification of birds Angiosperms (flowering plant) species diversity greatly increases Division between marsupial-line and placental-line mammals Siberian Traps volcanism; Mass Extinction Oldest dinosaur tracks Oldest dinosaur skeletons Crurotarsans (crocodilian-lineage archosaurs) dominate terrestrial faunas Break up of Pangaea; Birth of Atlantic Ocean; Mass extinction Maximum diversity of sauropod lineages Dinosaurs dominate terrestrial faunas Great diversification of dinosaur groups Major Events Plate 2. Major events during the Mesozoic Era, the “Age of Dinosaurs.” Ma = millions of years ago. Plate 3. CT images of the osseous labyrinth of diplodocid sauropods indicate that a radical reorientation of the skull accompanied dental and skull adaptations for extreme herbivory. The skull and dural sinuses are represented in blue, nerve openings in yellow, the osseous labyrinth in pink, and the path of the internal carotid artery in red. From Sereno et al. 2007. Plate 4. The beautifully preserved, articulated Thermopolis specimen of Archaeopteryx. This specimen confirms that Archaeopteryx was highly similar to dromaeosaurids and other maniraptorans in skull, pelvis, and hind limb anatomy, and indeed, recently discovered dromaeosaurids , troodontids, and other maniraptorans are extremely similar to Archaeopteryx. In the foot, the hallux was not fully reversed and the second toe was hyperextendible. Well-preserved feather impressions surround the skeleton. Ten specimens assigned to Archaeopteryx are currently known, but exactly how many species they represent remains controversial. Plate 5. Simple fibrolamellar bone in the shaft of a turtle scapula. Late Cretaceous, Montana. Maximum diameter 16.5 millimeters . Collector D. Maxwell. The age of the turtle at the time of death is estimated as at least 17-19 years. Similar tissues were figured by Enlow (1969: Figs. 8, 12, 13, 15) from Pseudemys, Crocodylus, and Alligator. Plate 6. Dense Haversian bone in the shaft of a crocodilian femur. Bridger Formation, Eocene, Wyoming. Maximum diameter 27 millimeters. Uncatalogued Utah Division of State History specimen. Periosteal bone around the medullary cavity is extensively replaced by Haversian tissue, developed as dense Haversian bone on the left hand side as seen here. This tissue was said by de Ricqlès (1980: 124) to be now formed only in endotherms. 8.234.139.149] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:08 GMT) Plate 7. Velociraptor turns a corner. Mixed media. © 2011 Scott Hartman. www.skeletaldrawing.com. Plate 8. Gigantoraptor erlianensis. Digital media.© 2009 Jaime Chirinos. www.zooartistica.com. Plate 9. Epidendrosaurus (“Tree Snacks”). Colored pencil and watercolor. © John Bindon. www.bindonart.com. Plate 10. Lesothosaurus. Mixed media. © Juan Jose Castellano. www.juanjocastellano.com. Plate 11. The Jehol Biota. Colored pencil. © Jason Brougham. www.jasonbrougham.com. 8.234.139.149] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:08 GMT) Plate 12. Alioramus. Mixed media. © Fabio Pastori. www.fabiopastori.it. Plate 13. Caudipteryx. Digital media. © Alain Bénéteau. http://dustdevil.deviantart.com. Plate 14. Hell Creek Mural (detail, Triceratops). Mixed media. © 2008 Bob Walters and Tess Kissinger. www.dinoart.com. Plate 15. Spinosaurus and Giant Sturgeon. Acrylic on board. © 2010 James McKinnon. Plate 16. Tianyulong. Digital media. © Zhao Chuang and Xing Lida. http://xinglida.net. 8.234.139.149] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:08 GMT) Plate 17. Leaellynasaura (“Twilight Feeding”). Colored pencils and watercolor.© John Bindon. www.bindonart.com. Plate 18. Anchiornis. Digital media. © Julius Csotonyi. www.csotonyi.com. Plate 19. Psittacosaurus. Mixed media. © Juan Jose Castellano. www.juanjocastellano.com. Plate 20. Morrison Mural (detail, Stegosaurus). Mixed media. © 2007 Bob Walters and Tess Kissinger. www.dinoart.com. Plate 21. Koreaceratops. Digital media.© Julius Csotonyi. www.csotonyi.com. Plate 22. Struthiosaurus transsilvanica. Acrylics. © David Weishampel. www. hopkinsmedicine.org/fae/DBW.htm. Plate 23. Sinornithosaurus (“Twilight”). Mixed media. © Fabio Pastori. www.fabiopastori.it. 8.234.139.149] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 02:08 GMT) Plate 24. Confuciusornis. Digital media. © Alain Bénéteau. http://dustdevil.deviantart.com. Plate 25. Sinosauropteryx. Digital media. © Zhao Chuang and Xing Lida. http://xinglida...