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337 Abā island, 165 abbaan, 197, 201–202, 206 ʿAbbāsid caliphate, 29, 41, 43, 88, 135, 139, 212 ʿAbd al-H ˙ amīd b. Muh ˙ ammad b. Jumaʿ al-Murjībī (Tippu Tip), 244–47 ʿAbd al-Karīm Sabun, 87 ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, 47, 201 ʿAbd al-Qādir Bokar Kan, 116 ʿAbd al-Rah ˙ mān al-Mahdī, Sayyid, 273, 275 ʿAbd al-Rah ˙ mān al-Zaylaʿī, 202 ʿAbd al-Rah ˙ mān b. al-Baghdādī, 259 ʿAbd al-Rah ˙ mān b. Rustam, 41 ʿAbd al-Rah ˙ mān Zagayte, 92, 95, 106 ʿAbd al-Raʾūf al-Singkilī, 251 ʿAbd al-Wahāb, Muh ˙ ammad b., 17 ʿAbd al-Wāh ˙ id al-Abqālī, 199 ʿAbd a-Qādir al-Jazāʾirī, 282 ʿAbd a-Qādir al-Jīlānī, 20 ʿAbdallāb federation, 135, 140–41, 145 ʿAbdallāh b. al-H ˙ ājj Muh ˙ ammad al-Watarawī, 101–102 ʿAbdallāh b. Muh ˙ ammad, Khalīfa, 165–69, 194, 204, 291 ʿAbdallāh b. S ˙ aʿd b. Abī Sarh ˙ , 137 ʿAbdallāh b. Yāsīn, 45 ʿAbdallāh Bā Kathīr al-Kindī, 239, 261 ʿAbdallāh Jammāʿ, 140, 143 ʿAbdallāh Niass, 286 ʿAbdallāh Qād ˙ ī ʿAbd al-Salām. See Tuan Guru Abdol Rakiep (b. ʿAbd al-Raʾūf b. Tuan Guru), 256, 260–61 Abdul Logies, 255 ʿAbidīn Tadiā Yūsuf al-Tāj al-Khalwatī. See Shaykh Yūsuf Abiker Aden Dhurow, Shaykh, 199 Abū ʿAbdallāh, 43 Abū ʿAnga, 166, 169 Abū ʿInān, Sult ˙ ān, 49–50, 62, 65 Abū Is ˙ h ˙ āq al-Sāh ˙ ilī, 71 Abūbakar Effendi al-Kashnāwī, 256, 258–61 Abunä, 176, 178 Achmat Sadiek Achmat, 254–58, 260–61 adab, 104, 300 Adal, 179–80, 183–84, 186–87, 190 Adamawa, 4, 5, 118, 291 ʿādat, 5 Addis Abäba, 172, 194–95 ʿAden, 185, 203, 207 Ādrār mountains, 2–3, 12, 55, 57, 105 Adua, 194–95 Adulis, 174, 179, 182 Afar, 7, 183–84 African indigenous religions, 7, 14, 28, 77, 79, 172–73, 297 Afrikaaner/Afrikaans, 248, 250, 252–53, 256–57, 259–60 Agadez, 12, 54, 56–57, 62, 90, 105 Agao, 174–77 Aghlabid, 41, 42–43 Aghmāt, 45, 55 Ahīr (Aïr) Mountains, 3, 12, 54, 56 ahl al-istiqāma, 29, 40. See also khārijites ahl al-kitāb, 38 Ah ˙ mad Abū Adhān, 157 Ah ˙ mad al-Baghdādī, Sharīf, 103 Ah ˙ mad al-Kabīr, 121, 124 Ah ˙ mad al-Kūfī, 137 Ah ˙ mad al-Mans ˙ ūr, Sult ˙ ān, 51, 63 Ah ˙ mad b. Furtū, 66, 111 Ah ˙ mad b. Idrīs, 74, 159, 199, 202, 209 Ah ˙ mad b. Sumayt ˙ , 239, 261, 281–82 Ah ˙ mad Bābā, al-Tinbuktī, 61, 66, 71–72 Ah ˙ mad Bamba, 20, 284–86 Ah ˙ mad Grāñ. See Imām Ah ˙ mad Ah ˙ mad Lobbo, 113, 122–23 Ah ˙ mad Qaramanlı, 51, 69 Ah ˙ madiyya Sufi order, 198 Ah ˙ madu b. Ah ˙ madu, 121, 123–24 Ahmadu Bello, 280–81 ʿAjīb al-Kāfūta, 145 Akan, 4 ʿAlawid dynasty, 48, 51, 67, 69, 73 ʿAlawiyya, ʿAlawī family, 234, 236, 239, 253, 261 Alexandria, 136–37, 140, 174, 176, 178, 185 Index Italicized page numbers refer to maps or tables. 338 | Index Algeria: and colonial rule, 267; and disintegration of the bilād al-maghrib, 48–49, 51; and European colonialism, 268, 272, 282–83, 286; and evolution of Muslim societies, 29; and historical patterns of the bilād al-maghrib, 35; and quest for Islamic unity, 42; and Sufism, 74; and trans-Saharan trade, 56, 59, 68, 70 Algiers, 46, 49, 51, 58, 94 ʿAlī b. ʿAbdallāh al-Tilimsānī, 69, 72–73 ʿAlī b. al-Sharīf, 87 ʿAlī b. H ˙ amūd, Sult ˙ ān, 278, 281 ʿAlī b. H ˙ asan, 220 ʿAlī b. Saʿīd, Sult ˙ ān, 277 ʿAlī b. Tashfīn, 46 ʿAlī Dinār, 88–89, 208 ʿAlī Duure, 199 ʿAlī Khurshid Bey, 156 ʿAllaqī, Wādī, 62, 136, 138, 139 Almohad movement, 47–48, 48–50, 52, 61–62, 131 Almoravid movement, 131; and conquest of the bilād al-maghrib, 39; and disintegration of the bilād al-maghrib, 48–49, 52; and diversity of Islam, 11, 16; and historical patterns of the bilād al-maghrib, 37; and Islamic rebellions, 41–42; and quest for Islamic unity, 44...

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