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241 Glossary Bulozi/ulozi, reductively glossed as “sorcery” or “witchcraft” in English: Arcane and ambiguous sciences whose purposes and justifications are always subject to negotiation. Congo Free State (1885–1908); Belgian Congo (1908–1960); Republic of the Congo (1960–1965); Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965–1971); Republic of Zaïre (1971–1997); Democratic Republic of the Congo or DRC (1997 to present): Names for the country that is the subject of this book, informally called Congo/Kinshasa. IAA = International African Association: Founded in 1882 in the name of science and to further antislavery efforts, but in effect a tool of King Léopold II’s imperialism. IAC = International Association of the Congo: Founded in 1878 in explicit support of Léopold’s expansionism. Kabwalala: An evil medicine putting victims into deep sleep to rob them with impunity. Kujendula: Capturing a mutima (soul) for illicit ends. Marungu: A massif topped by light forest, southwest of Lubanda. Milandu (singular: mulandu): Histories composed to justify political positions and prerogatives. Muzungu (plural: wazungu): Swahili for people of European heritage or pretense. 242 · Glossary Nègre in French: To avoid anachronism or unfair interpretation of late nineteenth-century writers’ motives, one must recognize that nègre, like its translation as “nigger” in English, is an ambiguous, racialist, oftoffensive term that possesses it own histories of emphasis, paternalism, degrees of derision, and joking camaraderie. One is reminded of use of the word nègre in Pan-Africanist Nègritude precisely because, as Aimé Césaire explained, “there was shame about the word.” One also recalls Joseph Conrad’s use of “nigger” to describe Congolese people in The Heart of Darkness in times and circumstances roughly contemporary to those of Storms. While nègre can also be translated as “Negro,” such a benign term seems out of place when words like noirs (“blacks”) were also used by Becker and others. The matter remains controversial, and readers are invited to decide what they feel would be the appropriate translation in late nineteenth-century quotations cited in this book in which the word nègre is embedded. (See Asim 2007; Césaire 2000, 89; Conrad 1967; Becker 1887, 2: 286.) RMCA: The Royal Museum of Central Africa in Tervuren, a town adjacent to Brussels. Formerly the Royal Museum of the Belgian Congo. For history and programming, see www.africamuseum.be. Rugaruga: Disaffected youths who organized marauding bands in eastern Africa or served as mercenaries to coastal ivory and slave traders, ambitious chiefs, and early European visitors such as Émile Storms. Sultani: An honorific loan word from Arabic via Swahili meaning “ruler” and often used in the 1970s with reference to Chief Mpala of Lubanda. Tabwa: An ethnic gloss extended to people of many backgrounds now living in southeastern DRC. “Tabwa” is a situational term, and the same people often understand their social identities through clan, lineage affiliations , or other parameters. Wangwana: Persons associated with coastal east Africa, although often enslaved in central Africa, taken to the coast, and then sent back to central Africa to engage in ivory and slave trading for coastal masters. White Fathers: Roman Catholic Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa who took possession of IAA stations in Karema and Mpala-Lubanda after the Berlin Convention of 1885. Urua/Warua/Buluba: The land and people now understood as eastern Luba or Luba-ized people. ...

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