Zimbabwe's Cinematic Arts: Language, Power, Identity

Notes

n o t e s Introduction 1. Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora,” 234. 2. Ibid., 236. 3. Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics, 4. 4. Potter, Representing Reality. 5. Bush and Szeftel, “Editorial,” 7. 6. Blommaert, Discourse, 35–36. 7.Makoni,Brutt-Griffler,andMashiri,“TheUseof ‘Indigenous’andUrbanVernaculars in Zimbabwe,” 33. 8. Diawara, African Cinema; Ukadike, Black African Cinema; Ukadike, Questioning African Cinema Conversations with Filmmakers; Harrow, African Cinema: Postcolonial and Feminist Readings; Harrow, Postcolonial African Cinema: From Political Engagement to Postmodernism; Barlet, African Cinemas: Decolonizing the Gaze; Mhando, “Approaches to African Cinema Study”; Kerr, “The Best of Both Worlds?”; Smyth, “The British Colonial Film Unit”; Burns, Flickering Shadows. 9. Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics, 2. 1. A Crisis of Representation 1. Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” 40. 2. Miller, “The Young and the Restless in Trinidad”; Velasco, “Imitation and Indigenization”; Liebes and Katz, The Export of Meaning. 3. Lundby, “Going to Tsanzaguru.” 4. Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, 186, 193. 5. Turino, “Are We Global Yet?” 54. 6. Jeater, Law, Language, and Science, 173–75. 7. Kerr, “The Best of Both Worlds?” 20, 35. 8. On African migrants, see Epprecht, “The ‘Unsaying’ of Indigenous Homosexualities in Zimbabwe,” 7. For a related critique of the term alien, see Comaroff and Comaroff, “Naturing the Nation,” 627. 9. Makoni, Dube, and Mashiri, “Zimbabwe Colonial and Post-Colonial Language Policy,” 400–401. 10. Gwyn, “‘Really Unreal,’” 324. 11. Nell, Images of Yesteryear, 180. 12. Mangin, Filming Emerging Africa, 18. 13. Ibid., 65. 14. Windrich, The Mass Media in the Struggle for Zimbabwe, 16. See also Stapleton and May, African Rock. 15. Hammar, “The Making and Unma(s)king of Local Government,” 130. 16. Makoni, Dube, and Mashiri, “Zimbabwe Colonial and Post-Colonial Language Policy,” 400–401. 182 notes to Pages 17–35 17. Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, Election 2000, 10. 18. Mashiri, “Representations of Blacks and the City,” 109. 19. Smyth, “The Development of British Colonial Film Policy,” 447. 20. Government of Zimbabwe, The Democratization of the Media, i. 21. Campbell, Reclaiming Zimbabwe, 125. 22. Hammar, “The Making and Unma(s)king of Local Government,” 125. 23. Hove, “Comments.” 24. Muchemwa, “Galas, Biras, State Funerals, and the Necropolitan Imagination,” 507–508; cf. Hammar, “The Making and Unma(s)king of Local Government,” 125. 25. Zook, Color by Fox. 26. Hungwe, “Media in the Primary Schools of Zimbabwe,” 8–9. 27. Derges, “Bringing Our Cinema Home,” 48. 28. Worby, “The End of Modernity in Zimbabwe?” 29. Moyo, “From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe,” 23. 30. Turino, Nationalists, Cosmopolitans, and Popular Music in Zimbabwe. 31. Chiumbu, “Redefining the National Agenda,” 34–35. 32. Morley, Television, Audiences, and Cultural Studies, 6, 76. 33. Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis, 17. 34. White, The Assassination of Herbert Chitepo, 5–6. 35. Loomba, Colonialism–Postcolonialism, 2. 36. Gikandi, Maps of Englishness, 14. 37. One important exception is Hadland, Re-visioning Television. 38. Moyo, “From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe,” 13. 39. Kangai, “Radio and Television Expansion in Zimbabwe.” 40. Thompson, “Viewing the Foreign and the Local.” 41. Barber, “Audiences in Africa.” 42. Ukadike, Black African Cinema, 7. 2. Cinematic Arts before the 2001 Broadcasting Services Act 1. Furusa, “Television, Culture, and Development in Zimbabwe”; Zaffiro, Media & Democracy in Zimbabwe. 2. Kangai, “Radio and Television Expansion in Zimbabwe”; Kangai, “Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication”; Frederikse, None but Ourselves. 3. British Broadcasting Corporation, Report by the Study Group, 1. 4. Davis and Hammond, qtd. in Smyth, “The Development of British Colonial Film Policy,” 447, 450; Mangin, Filming Emerging Africa, 38. 5. BBC, Report by the Study Group, 1. 6. Kangai, “Radio and Television Expansion in Zimbabwe,” 11. 7. Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), “Minister Orders the Resignation of Entire State-Broadcasting Board.” 8. Tichatonga, “Contributions of Organisations and Ministries to Radio Programmes ,” 8. 9. Lamb, House of Stone, 117; Zaffiro, Media & Democracy in Zimbabwe, 79; Andersen, “The Janus Face of Television in Small Countries,” 56. 10. Hoad, “Between the White Man’s Burden and the White Man’s Disease,” 563; Epprecht, “The ‘Unsaying’ of Indigenous Homosexualities in Zimbabwe,” 10. 11. Mashiri, “Representations of Blacks and the City,” 112–13. notes to Pages 35–58 183 12. O’Grady, “Shows of Independence”; Gondo interview; MISA, “Minister Goes Back on Promise to Liberalise Broadcasting.” 13. MISA, “Draconian Media Bill Passed in Zimbabwe.” 14. MISA, “Private Broadcasting Company”; Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe, Election 2000, 102. 15. Bright, “Video for Extension Workers in Zimbabwe.” 16...