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Notes Introduction 1. John F. Stover, Iron Road to the West: Ameri can Railroads in the 1850s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978). 2. See, e.g., Richard D. Heffner, ed., Democracy in America (New York: New Ameri can Library, 1956). 3. Charles Dickens, Ameri can Notes for General Circulation (London: Chapman and Hall, 1842); Anthony Trollope, North America (London: Chapman and Hall, 1862). Good accounts of British visitors to the United States include Roger Haydon, Upstate Travels: British Views of Nineteenth Century New York (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1982), and L. Milton Woods, British Gentlemen in the Wild West: The Era of the Intensely English Cowboy (London: Collier Macmillan, 1989). 4. Henry Stephen Lucas, Dutch Emigrant Memoirs and Related Writings (Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum, 1955); Jacob van Hinte and Robert P. Swieringa, eds., Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth andTwentieth Centuries in the United States of America (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1985); Robert P. Swieringa, ed., The Dutch in America: Immigration, Settlement, and Cultural Change (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1985); Robert P. Swieringa, Faith and Family: Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 2000); Hans Krabbendam, Vrijheid in het Verschiet: Nederlandse Emigratie naar Amerika 1840–1940 (Hilversum, Netherlands: Verloren, 2006). For a list of published and unpublished diaries written by Dutch visitors to the United States before 1860, see Pien Steringa, Nederlanders op reis in Amerika, 1812–1860. Reisver halen als bron voor negentiende- eeuwse mentaliteit (Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrechtse Historische Cahiers, 20, 1999, nr.1). 5. J. H. Scheffer, Genealogie van het geslacht Crommelin (Rotterdam, Netherlands: Van Hengel and Eeltjes, 1879). 140 Notes to pages 3–10 The first “Ameri can” Crommelin, Daniel († 1725), lies buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church in New York City, where his damaged headstone remains. The complete Crommelin genealogy is found on the “Stichting Familie Crommelin” website. The webmaster, Govert Deketh, who lives in Geneva, Switzerland, has assisted in sorting out the complicated family relations. 6. Joost Jonker, Merchants, Bankers, Middlemen: The Amsterdam Money Market during the First Half of the 19th Century (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1996), 194–200. 7. The Dutch title of Crommelin’s doctoral thesis is: Beschouwingen over de grondbelasting [Considerations on LandTax] (Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1865). A copy is located at The Hague Royal Library nr. 320 A 160. 8. A report of this journey of 1863 is in the possession of Liesbeth Crommelin of Amsterdam , and will be donated to the Stadsarchief of Amsterdam, Daniel Crommelin and Sons Collection. We wish to thank Liesbeth Crommelin for this information. 9. For theOverend,Gurneycrash,seeM.C.Reed,ed., RailwaysintheVictorian Economy: Studies in Finance and Economic Growth (Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles, 1969), and Harold Pollins, Britain’s Railways: An Industrial History (Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles, 1971). Sir Morton Peto, through his contracting firm of Peto and Betts, had built the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, including the magnificent Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence River near Montreal. 10. See Muriel E. Hidy, ed., and A. Hermina Potgieter, trans., “A Dutch Investor in Minnesota, 1866: The Diary of Claude August Crommelin,” Minnesota History 37 (December 1960): 152–60; Steringa, Nederlanders op reis in Amerika. See also George Harinck and Augustus J.Veenendaal, Jr., “TransatlanticTransportation andTravelers’ Experiences,” Four Centuries of Dutch- Ameri can Relations 1609–2009, ed. Hans Krabbendam, Cornelis A. van Minnen, and Giles Scott- Smith (Amsterdam: Boom, 2009), 318–28. 11. For the problem of the different gauges in use in the United States, see H. Roger Grant, The Railroad: The Life Story of a Technology (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2005), and George Rogers Taylor and Irene D. Neu, The Ameri can Railroad Network 1861–1890 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003). 12. “Circular,” Thomas Green Clemson papers, Clemson University Archives, Clemson , S.C. 13. Drew Gilpin Faust, The Republic of Suffering: Death and the Ameri can CivilWar (New York: Knopf, 2008). 14. CharlesA.andMaryR.Beard, ABasicHistoryof theUnitedStates (NewYork: Double day, Doran, 1944). 15. E. Merton Coulter, The South during Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1947); Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Perennial, 2007). 16. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964). 17. For an examination of sharecropping and the crop- lien system in the Ameri can South, see Theodore Saloutous, Farmer Movements in the South...