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INDEX alternative fuels, 134, 211, 212–218, 233 Arroyo Seco Parkway, 75–76 Autobahn, 76, 77–78, 189 automobiledependence,206;andAmerica ’sglobalstanding,199,204–210;and theInterstateHighwaySystem,108–117 automobile industry (U.S.): early years of, 46–47; and fuel efficiency, 191–194, 196–197; historical dominance of, 201– 202; and import competition, 189–197; and innovation, 190–191, 223–226; and mass production, 191; and oligopolistic competition, 190–196; and OPEC Oil Shocks, 195–196; present difficulties, 174–177, 190–197 automobile manufacturing and marketing : Ford and mass production, 46–47; General Motors and credit financing, 47; present difficulties, 174–177 automobiles: and air pollution, 19, 202– 208; and CO≤ emissions, 4, 19–20, 26, 206–207, 209–210; future technology of, 208–212, 214–216; global diffusion of, 6, 20–26, 208–212, 214–216; initial diffusion of, 11–13, 46–49; as mass transportation, 3–7, 11–19 automotive pollution, 202–208, 211, 224 BART, 138, 161 Bartholomew, Harland, 83–84 beltways, 83–89, 179–182 bio-fuels. See ethanol Boston, 8–10, 146; early leader in parkway planning, 73 Bronx River Parkway, 72, 75 Bureau of Public Roads: and conception of the Interstate, 76–89; and execution of the Interstate, 101–105, 108–110; and plan for urban expressways, 74–75; and state-federal partnership, 69–70 buses: diffusion (1926–1940), 60–62; dominant form of transit since World War II, 95–101; and New Deal and anti-trust policy, 62–68; operating problems in congested cities, 162; overlooked by Congress in framing transit aid program, 161–162; productivity problems in sprawling suburbs, 163; replaced streetcars during Great Depression and after World War II, 61–62, 99–100; ridership losses under public ownership, 31, 164; and Snell’s GM-conspiracy theory, 64–68, 166– 167 California: and evolution of parkways into expressways, 75–76, and expressway development after World War II, 74–75; as proving ground for urban freeways, 75–76 266 ⴗ INDEX Canada: fuel taxes, 205; motorization, 4– 6, 11–13, 16–21, 25; motorization compared to U.S., 112–114 central cities: declining share of U.S. population, 147–150; and ‘‘white flight,’’ 137, 140–141, 151–152 Chicago: losses in commuter ridership, 151–152; as major transit market, 152– 154; and suburban employment growth, 153 China, 24–25 CO≤ emissions: and global warming, 19– 20, 26, 206–207, 209–210; per capita in the U.S and European Union, 205 congestion: and fuel wasted, 131; moderate in most prime transit markets, 131; most severe in Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area, 129–130 contracting out: in Las Vegas, 160–163; as response to transit’s productivity problems , 162–163 Dilworth, Mayor Richardson: and push for federal transit funding, 137–138, 142–143; and urban renewal in Philadelphia , 142 divided highways, 4, 104–105 earlymotorizationinU.S.,11,12,47–48; prosperityfollowingWorldWarI,16–18 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 109–110 ethanol: as alternative fuel, 211; and flexfuel vehicles, 211 Europe: lag in motorization: 16–19, 21– 22, 113; impact of fuel taxes: 205–206 European urban traffic management, 14– 16 expressways in American cities: California and New York, 71–76; early projects in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston, 75–76, 111–117; first Congressional authorization for interregional highways, 76–78; first expressways built during New Deal, 71–76; first federal funding during the Great Depression, 68–70; first plans for Interregional Highways, 70–78 expressways in G-7 nations, 112–117; Canadian policy, 112–117 financial problems of U.S. automakers, 174–176, 189–197; oil shocks and intermittent demand for SUVs, 189–197; production volumes no longer match cost structure, 194–197 Ford Motor Company, 47 G-7motorizationlevels:4–6,16–19,20–24 General Motors, 47, 189, 190, 195–197; price leadership in the 1950s, 192–194; role in developing fuel-cell vehicles, 213, 215–217 Great Depression: and displacement of street railways, 60–63; and federal funding for urban highways, 72 highwaypolicy:accommodationofcarsin cities,90–91;allocationoffuel-taxes, 209–210;basicprecepts(European), 76–78;basicprecepts(U.S.),68–71; comparisonofU.S.andEuropean,14– 15,77;evolutionduringtheGreat Depression,72–80;asreflectionofage anddensityofEuropeancities,15 home ownership, 44–45 hybrid gas-electric vehicles, 211, 213, 218 hydrogenfuel-cellvehicles:asalternative topetroleum-poweredvehicles,212– 218;basicsofthetechnology,212;bene- fitsof,211–212;challenges,213–219;lack ofCO≤ emissions,213;performanceand efficiencyof,212–213,prerequisitesof successfuldiffusion,214–220 India, 24 initial motorization, U.S., 38–45, 46–49 Inter-modal...

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