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Notes Abbreviations AGP Angelina Grimké Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Institute, Howard University Brother Jean Toomer, Brother Mine: The Correspondence of Jean Toomer and Waldo Frank, ed. Kathleen Pfeiffer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010) Cane, Norton 2 Jean Toomer, “Cane”: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism, 2nd ed., ed. Rudolph P. Byrd and Henry Louis Gates Jr. (New York: Norton, 2011) JT Jean Toomer JTP Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University JTTAH Charles Scruggs and Lee VanDemarr, Jean Toomer and the Terrors of American History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998) Letters Letters of Jean Toomer, ed. Mark Whalan (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006) O’Daniel Therman B. O’Daniel, ed., Jean Toomer: A Critical Evaluation (Washington , DC: Howard University Press, 1988) Wayward TheWaywardandtheSeeking:ACollectionofWritingsbyJeanToomer, ed. Darwin T. Turner (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1980) Introduction 1. Barbara Foley, Spectres of 1919: Class and Nation in the Making of the New Negro (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003). 2. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International, 1971), 178, 219–20; William H. Sewell Jr., Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 218; Alain Badiou, The Communist Hypothesis, trans. David Macey and Steve Corcoran (London: Verso, 2010), 219. Gramsci further noted, “The demonstration in the last analysis only succeeds and is ‘true’ if it becomes a new reality, if the forces of opposition triumph” (178). For more on Gramsci’s notion of conjuncture, see Peter D. Thomas, The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony, and Marxism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2009), 294–97. 3. Richard B. Moore, “Bogalusa,” Emancipator, 13 March 1920, 4; Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, ed. Rolf Tiedemann, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (New York: Belknap Press, 2002), 463; Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 276. For 258 Notes to Introduction more on “arrested dialectic,” see Marcial González, “Jameson’s ‘Arrested Dialectic’: From Structuralism to Postmodernism,” http://clogic.eserver.org/2–2/gonzalez.html, accessed 31 October 2013; and E. P. Thompson, The Romantics: England in a Revolutionary Age (New York: New Press, 1997), 37. For the argument that modernity and modernism are marked by the trauma of lost hope in social revolution, see Marianne DeKoven, Rich and Strange: Gender, History, Modernism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991); Jonathan Flatley, Affective Mapping: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); and Seth Moglen, Mourning Modernity: Literary Modernism and the Injuries of American Capitalism (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007). 4. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner’s, 1920). The term “non-historical people,” derived from Hegel, strongly influenced the theory and practice of the Second International. See G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of History, trans. A. V. Miller (New York: Dover, 1956), 142–62; and Mark Pittenger , American Socialists and Evolutionary Thought, 1870–1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993). 5. Paul U. Kellogg, “The Negro Pioneers,” in Alain Locke, The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925; rpt. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 271–77; Foley, Spectres of 1919, 159–97. For more on the postwar connections among regionalism, nationalism, and racism , see Susan Hegeman, Patterns for America: Modernism and the Concept of Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999); and Leigh Anne Duck, The Nation’s Regions: Southern Modernism, Segregation, and U.S. Nationalism (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006). 6. William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, “The Intentional Fallacy,” in The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry, ed. William K. Wimsatt Jr. (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 3–18; Michel Foucault, “What Is an Author?,” in Aesthetics, Method and Epistemology: Essays of Michael Foucault, ed. Richard Faubion (New York: New Press, 1998), 205–19. 7. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1969), 15. For more on the methodology of “reading forward” specifically in connection with textual revision, see Barbara Foley, Wrestling with the Left: The Making of Ralph Ellison’s “Invisible Man” (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010). 8. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981), 102, 35, 76, 81–87. Useful summaries of Jameson’s theoretical schema are supplied by William C. Dowling, Jameson, Althusser, and Marx: An Introduction to the Political Unconscious (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984); Ian Buchanan, Fredric Jameson: Live Theory...

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