When Tenants Claimed the City: The Struggle for Citizenship in New York City Housing

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. See especially David Harvey, “The Right to the City,” New Left Review 53 (2008): 37. 2. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II, Part 4 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), table 1, 269. 3. Ibid.; United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume I, Part 1 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), table 10, 12. New York City’s total of occupied rentals, 1.7 million, surpassed the numbers of occupied housing units in all states save California, Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 4. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), table 1, 213, and table 1, 763. 5. Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), xvii. 6. See, for example, Isserman, ibid.; Charles Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); and John D’Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (New York: Free Press, 2003). 7. See especially Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Dorothy Sue Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004); Erik S. McDuffie, Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2011); and Danielle L. McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape and Resistance (New York: Knopf, 2010). 8. Jerald E. Podair, The Strike That Changed New York: Blacks, Whites and the Ocean Hill–Brownsville Crisis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002). 9. Coined in the nineteenth century, the phrase was revived by King and other civilrights activists. See Casey Nelson Blake, Beloved Community: The Cultural Criticism of Randolph Bourne, Van Wyck Brooks, Waldo Frank, and Lewis Mumford (Durham: University of North Carolina Press, 1990); Martin Luther King Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 102, 220; Diane Nash, “The Beloved Community: Origins of SNCC,” in Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, ed., ACircleofTrust: Remembering SNCC (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998). 10. Frances Goldin, interview with author, February 11, 2001. 11. Kathleen A. Laughlin, Julie Gallagher, Dorothy Sue Cobble, Eileen Boris, Premilla Nadason, Stephanie Gilmore, and Leandra Zarnow, “Is It Time to Jump Ship? Historians Rethink the Waves Metaphor,” Feminist Formations 22, no. 1 (2010). Chapter 1. “A Time of Struggle” 1. “‘Peace Is Hell,’” NYT, November 29, 1945; Anthony Jackson, A Place Called Home: A History of Low-Cost Housing in Manhattan (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976), 221, 227; Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: The New Press, 2000), 105; J. Anthony Panuch, Building a Better New York: Final Report to Mayor Robert F. Wagner (New York, 1960), Chart after 16, 35. 2. Jared N. Day, Urban Castles: Tenement Housing and Landlord Activism in New York City, 1890–1943 (New York: Columbia University Press 1999); Anthony Jackson, A Place Called Home, 202. 3. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II, Part 4 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), table 1, 269. Rentals also formed a majority of occupied units in each of the outer boroughs. 4. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003). 5. Max Page, The Creative Destruction of Manhattan, 1900–1940s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 5–6. “Creative destruction” was coined by Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942). 6. Plunz, A History of Housing, 131. 7. An introduction to the range of definitions and distinctions can be found in Christopher Silver, “Neighborhood Planning in Historical Perspective,” Journal of the American Planning Association 51, no. 2 (1985); Deborah Martin, “‘Place-Framing’ as Place-Making: Constituting a Neighborhood for Organizing and Activism,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 9, no. 3 (2003); Margarethe Kusenbach...