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Notes Introduction 1. All informants’ names and names of businesses are pseudonyms. 2. As of March 2013, one U.S. dollar was equal to about two Brazilian reais. 3. Adriana Piscitelli describes the term programa as the explicit exchange of sexual services for money, usually involving specific practices and periods of time (2011, 547). 4. See the Web site of former member of the Brazilian Congress Fernando Gabeira, author of a 2003 bill to legalize prostitution (www.gabeira.com.br) and the Web site of the Brazilian Network of Prostitutes (www.redeprostitutas.org.br). 5. National Penal Code, articles 227–30. 6. Aprosba meeting, December 5, 2006. Marisa identified herself as an “ex-prostitute,” a classification that was controversial among some of the other women in Aprosba, who thought it signified that she thought she was better than those who still were prostitutes. Fabiana quipped, “No one says they’re an ex-lawyer” (interview, May 15, 2007). 7. Pérola, for example, dropped out of sight and was rumored to have murdered a Bahian police officer who regularly physically and sexually abused prostitutes. 8. I learned that a woman’s bikini bottom was enough to identify her as Brazilian or a gringa. Chapter 1. Geographies of Blackness 1. Similarly, Gregory Mitchell (2011b) describes Beto, a Bahian michê (a man who has commercial sex with men but who usually does not identify as gay) who sold souvenirs on the beach as a pretense for making contact with the gay foreign tourists who would become his clients. 2. Keith also contrasted male “hustling” with female “prostitution”: “It’s more ambiguous with Brazilian men, but with the women it’s pretty obvious. I can spot a prostitute by how she walks, dresses, how she looks at me. Prostitution is no big deal here—it’s a way of life.” 170 Notes to Chapter 1 3. Although prices vary in brothels, it is customary for sex workers to charge clients fifty reais, of which fifteen reais goes to the house. The owner of the brothel charges a departure fee of forty-five reais if a client wants to take a woman outside the brothel. 4. The Steve Biko Cultural Institute is a nongovernmental organization founded by black movement activists in 1992 to increase college enrollment among underprivileged Afro-Brazilians and to promote public policies to reduce racial inequality. 5. It is beyond the scope of this work to delve into the intricacies of black Brazilian feminist scholarship, though I have done so in a forthcoming essay that will be published in “Transatlantic Feminisms: Women and Gender in Africa and the African Diaspora,” edited by Akosua Adomako Ampofo, Cheryl R. Rodriguez, and Dzodzi Tsikata. For more information on black Brazilian feminisms, see Caldwell 2000, 2010; Carneiro 2003; Carneiro and Santos 1985; Gonzalez 1980, 1982, 1988; Perry 2009; Sonia Beatriz dos Santos 2007; Viana 2010; Werneck 2010. 6. They would charge R$50 for “short-time” and R$150 to spend the night, though they could often demand more money from foreign men. 7. Furthermore, Salvador’s municipal government passed a tax to support tourism efforts in 1951, a council of tourism was created in 1953, and tourism was a part of Governor Juracy Magalhães’s economic development plan in the 1960s (Romo 2010, 152). 8. In July 1992, Embratur launched the National Plan for Tourism (Plantur), which sought to promote regional development by focusing on destinations outside of the South and Southeast. The Prodetur project budget was US$1,670,000, of which approximately US$800,000 came from the Inter-American Development Bank (Tamar Diana Wilson 2008). 9. Prodetur II is the second phase. It had US$400 million earmarked for investments , of which US$240 million came from Inter-American Development Bank loans and US$160 million came from federal matching funds, complemented by state funds (Brazil 2007, 30). 10. The 2007–2010 National Tourism Plan set a goal of “217 million trips to domestic destinations,” which would generate 1.7 million jobs and bring in US$7.7 billion in foreign exchange. The National Tourism Plan focuses on inclusion “to reduce regional inequalities.” The plan generally seeks to “develop high-quality Brazilian tourist products” that consider the country’s regional, cultural, and natural diversity; to “promote tourism along with social inclusion, by generating jobs and income and by making it a consumption item for all Brazilians”; and to “foster the competitiveness of Brazilian tourist products on national and international markets, and...

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