Media Capital: Architecture and Communications in New York City

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. New York Times, “Towers of Babel,” March 7, 1920, E2. 2. Lippman, Public Opinion, 162. 3. Ibid., 340. 4. Hobsbawm, The Invention of Tradition. 5. Ibid., 2. 6. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, xx. 7. Taylor, “The Evolution of Public Space in New York City,” 291. 8. Marchand, Creating the Corporate Soul. 9. Marquis, The Metropolitan Life, 15. 10. Shachtman, Skyscraper Dreams, 50. 11. McGurl, “Making it Big,” 417. 12. In print advertising, the long thin ads that ran down the side of pages came to be known as “skyscrapers,” a language still used to describe vertical ads that run down the length of newspaper websites. 13. Bessie, Jazz Journalism. 14. Eco, “Function and Sign.” Chapter 1. News Capital 1. O’Brien, The Story of the Sun, 30. 2. Jackson, The Great Metropolis, 1. 3. Warner, The Letters of the Republic, 18. 4. Lindner, The Reportage of Urban Culture, 70. 5. Glaab and Brown, The History of Urban America, 139–40. 6. Carey, “Technology and Ideology,” 305. 7. Ibid., 315. 8. See Schudson, Discovering the News. 9. Barth, City People, 59. 10. O’Brien, The Story of the Sun, 24. 11. Quoted in ibid., 39. 12. Published in the New York Sun, August and September 1835. 13. NewYork Sun, January 27, 1868. Dana also kept the two-cent price, the original format of four pages, and the slogan,“It Shines for All.” For editorial and news quality , the Sun was widely understood throughout to be the leader among the plethora of news organs in New York. Under Dana, it was also the best-written newspaper in the city, with reporters working under threat of termination for the slightest grammatical error. Wallace_Media text.indd 151 8/24/12 2:49 PM 14. Janet Steele has noted that the takeover of the Tammany Hall building had the unfortunate consequence of equating the Sun with Tammany in the public mind, adding that “the Republican press charged that the so-called Tweed ring purchased newspaper support with payoffs to reporters in return for favorable blurbs.” Steele, The Sun Shines for All, 153. 15. Lancaster, Gentleman of the Press, 69. 16. Quoted in Stone, Dana and “The Sun,” 53. Pulitzer was the Sun’s Washington correspondent in 1867. 17. Kennion, The Architects’ and Builders’ Guide, 60. 18. Steele, The Sun Shines for All, 119. 19. New York Sun, February 8, 1891, 16. 20. Van Leeuwen, Skyward Trend of Thought, 109. 21. Quoted in Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, 39. 22. Ibid., 75. 23. Browne, The Great Metropolis, 5. 24. Pray, Memoirs of James Gordon Bennett, 194. 25. Crouthamel, Bennett’s New York Herald, 20. 26. Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, 119. 27. New York Herald, August 27, 1845, 1. 28. Ibid. 29. Bennett, New York Herald, September 18, 1846, 2. 30. Resseguie,“A.T. Stewart’s Marble Palace,” 132. Resseguie notes that the term “Marble Palace” was first used in the Herald, September 18, 1846: “Stewart himself was in no way responsible for christening it with its unofficial title, and the term appears in neither his advertisements nor his letterhead.” 150. 31. Resseguie notes that “at the end of the store’s first week Bennett was still intrigued. Two of the Herald’s five front page columns were occupied to two thirds their length by two atrocious woodcuts—one representing the exterior of Stewart’s new store and the other the interior of a competitor’s (James M. Beck’s) store” and that the articles were written by Bennett personally. Ibid., 145. 32. New York Herald, April 20, 1867, 6. 33. On the use of handbills in city streets, see David Henkin, City Reading. 34. Smith, Sunshine and Shadow in New York, 596. 35. Ibid., 596. When Herald reporters wanted to monopolize a commercial telegraph line to prevent other correspondents from reaching their papers, they were known to send lengthy passages of the Bible over the wire until the other newspaper’s deadlines had passed. Ibid., 776. 36. Slight variations of the story of these transactions are recounted in Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, 150–52, and Carlson, The Man Who Made News, 378–80. 37. See Gardner, The Architecture of Commercial Capitalism. 38. Ibid., 151. 39. James D. McCabe wrote that the Herald building was “paved with marble tiles, and the desks, counters, racks, etc. are of solid black walnut, ornamented with plate glass. Everything is scrupulously clean, and the room presents the appearance 152 / Notes to Chapter 1 Wallace_Media text...