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Notes Introduction 1. James Madison as cited in Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 255 (quotes); see also John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, vol. 1, Commerce and Compromise, 1820–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 10–12, 187–91, 307–9, 320–23. 2. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York: Vintage, 1989). 3. Jurgen Habermas, “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964),” New German Critique 3 (Autumn 1974): 49–55; Michael Schudson, “The ‘Public Sphere’ and Its Problems: Bringing the State (Back) In,” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy 8, no. 2 (1994): 529–46. 4. Coleen A. Sheehan, James Madison and the Spirit of Republican Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 31–40, 59–62, 81–83, 100, 164–75. 5. Johann N. Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners: Democracy and Civil Society in Early National Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 10–32, 172–80; Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 8–14. 6. On wage labor in relation to free labor in the Republican Party, see Eric Foner, “Free Labor and Nineteenth-Century Ideology,” and John Ashworth, “Free Labor, Wage Labor, and the Slave Power: Republicanism and the Republican Party in the 1850s,” in The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political and Religious Expression , 1800–1880, ed. Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway, 99–127, 128–46 (Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, 1996); James L. Huston, “A Political Response to Industrialism: The Republican Embrace of Protectionist Labor Doctrines,” Journal of American History 70 (June 1983): 35–57; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, vol. 2, The Coming of the Civil War 1850–1861 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 265–303. 7. E. L. Godkin, “The Labor Crisis,” The Nation 216 (July 1867): 177–213. 8. On the national level, these changes are covered by David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–72 (New York: Vintage, 1967), 230–424. 9. Illinois Staats-Zeitung (Chicago), January 18, 1872. 10. Montgomery, Beyond Equality, x, 230–60. Jentz_Schneirov_Chicago.indd 247 2/16/12 10:52 AM 11. Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1874. 12. Joseph A. Buttigieg, “The Contemporary Discourse on Civil Society: A Gramscian Critique,” boundary 2 32, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 43–44. 13. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans. by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971), 228–43; Buttigieg, “The Contemporary Discourse on Civil Society,” 43–47; on active versus passive consent, see Perry Anderson, “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,” New Left Review 100 (1976–77): 5–78. 14. Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization, vol. 2, The Industrial Era, new ed., two volumes in one, rev. and enl. (New York: McMillan , 1933), 52–121; Robert P. Sharkey, Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959), 291–311; Stanley Coben, “Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 46 (June 1959): 67–90; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); for an updating of Foner’s ideological interpretation, see Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, vols. 1 and 2. 15. Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), 111–55, esp. 145–54; on Southern labor, see R. Tracy McKenzie, “Southern Labor and Reconstruction,” in A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction, ed. Lacy K. Ford (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005), 366–85; Alex Lichtenstein, “Was the Emancipated Slave a Proletarian?: Sharecroppers and the Politics of Protest in the Rural South, 1880–1940,” Reviews in American History 26 (March 1988): 124–45; and Scott P. Marler, “Fables of Reconstruction: Reconstruction of the Fables,” Journal of the Historical Society 4 (Winter 2004): 113–37. For debate about Moore and his methodology, see George Ross, Theda Skocpol, Tony Smith, and Judith Eisenberg Vichniac, “Barrington Moore’s Social Origins and Beyond: Historical Social Analysis since the 1960s,” in Democracy, Revolution, and History, ed. Theda Skocpol, 1–21 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); and Edward...

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