Private law rights as democratic participation: Kelsen on private law and (economic) democracy

In the first edition of his famous treatise Reine Rechtslehre, Einleitung in die Rechtswissenschaftliche Problematik (translated as Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory), Hans Kelsen makes the claim that the existing liberal, property rights-based private law of his era is a 'democratic form of law' and that private law rights are 'political in the same sense as those rights that are usually characterized as political rights.' In this article, I aim to explain how Kelsen developed his theory of private law and private rights within the theoretical and methodological framework of the 'Pure Theory of Law' and its philosophical underpinnings of relativism and 'value neutrality,' culminating in the connection between private law and democracy. I wish to highlight, in particular, the still often underappreciated fact that the Pure Theory saw itself as a critical project, aimed at exposing and exorcizing 'ideology.' To Kelsen's contemporary audiences, drawing a connection between 'capitalist' private law and democracy must have appeared particularly counter-intuitive against the backdrop of one of the most important – if now almost forgotten – political debates of the Weimar era, the debate on 'economic democracy' ('Wirtschaftsdemokratie'). It was a powerful trope in the inter-war period that the capitalist economy and its institutional safeguards – private, labour, commercial, and corporate law – were 'undemocratic.' I submit that Kelsen's statement – flipping the contemporaneous revisionist-socialist rhetoric on its head – may be better understood in the larger context of the precarity of democracy in the Weimar period and especially in the context of a theoretical and political challenge that contrasted the existing 'bourgeois' parliamentary democracy with a 'true,' 'social' democracy that would realize conditions of social and economic justice. By connecting 'capitalistic' law with 'democracy' and 'socialistic' law with 'autocracy,' Kelsen once more underscores that democracy, properly understood as a formal principle, is irreducible to substantive justice.