Wartime Pamphlets, Anti-English Metaphors, and the Intensification of Antidemocratic Discourse in Germany after the First World War

The article establishes heretofore neglected links between the German anti-English pamphlets during World War I, on the one hand, and right-wing antidemocratic theory after the war, on the other, by engaging with their central argumentative forms. Particularly the metaphors of the English as "merchants" or "peddlers" and England as a mechanical civilization in contradistinction to German organic culture facilitated the transfer of arguments between the discourses on war and democracy, respectively. The metaphors were old, but they were deepened by concrete enmity and intensified domestic constitutional arguments by underscoring the fundamental unsuitability of democracy for Germany.