Figure 1.
(A) Study sites on Hawai‘i Island including substrate ages and rainfall isohyets. (B) Pu‘u Maka‘ala. (C) Nāhuku. (D) Ka‘iholena. Substrate layers were created by USGS (Sherrod et al. 2007) and precipitation layer created by Rainfall Atlas Hawai‘i (Giambelluca et al. 2013). Ka‘iholena and Pu‘u Maka‘ala were formed from a Mauna Loa volcanic eruption and Nāhuku was that of Kīlauea.