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Book Reviews 179 restrictions on women's night work, the effects of the gendered nature of citizenship on social welfare are especially compelling (pp. 222-36). The scope of the essays reflects Kessler-Harris's increasingly wider analytical framework, from a mid-1970s study of three mihtant Jewish female garment workers in the early twentieth century (pp. 38-51) to a 2004 attempt at constructing a global perspective on how gender ideologies help shape world economies (pp. 270-85). Overall these articles are about national trends and legislation, rather than about the microlevel activities of one state or region. Taken as a whole, these essays read more hke an intellectual autobiography than a collection of disengaged academic arguments and that seems to be Alice Kessler-Harris's intent. One drawback to Gendering Labor History is that with the exception of the introduction, all of the articles have been previously published in other anthologies or journals hke Labor History or Journal of Women's History. Therefore, seasoned scholars of labor and gender history may not find much new content here, but they will find a book that offers students and interested observers a wonderfully wide lens for viewing the development of two intersecting fields of American history during the past four decades. Joshua R. Greenberg Bridgewater State College Steve Lehto. Death's Door: The Truth behind Michigan's Largest Mass Murder. Troy, Mich.: Momentum Books, 2006. Pp. 231. Bibliography. Notes. Paper, $19.95. During a Christmas celebration in 1913, aman walked into the Italian Hall in Calumet, Michigan, and shouted "fire." In the ensuing panic, revelers rushed down the stairs toward the exit, only to be trapped in the doorway, which resulted in seventy-four deaths from suffocation. At the time local newspapers characterized the incident as a tragic accident. However by presenting recendy uncovered court records and archival material, Steve Lehto's Death's Door makes a compelling argument that the deaths were actually the largest mass murder in the history of Michigan. Rather than focusing on the Italian Hall disaster as an isolated incident, Lehto portrays the deaths as the culminating act of violence perpetrated by the security forces of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company against striking immigrants in theWestern Federation of Miners. He contends that Hecla's superintendent, James McNaughton, orchestrated the antiunion 180 Michigan Historical Review activities of local deputies, professional strikebreakers from theWaddell Security Company, and the Citizens Alliance, an American vigilance committee comprised of citizens opposed to the immigrants' unionization attempts. Between July and December, Waddell security officers and Citizens Alliance members murdered two Croatian immigrants, wounded a young girl, shot the strike leader, Charles Moyer, and possibly murdered two other Cornish miners. According to Lehto, McNaughton's influence over the region's legal system prevented indictments against most of the perpetrators, resulting in only four manslaughter convictions for the security guards involved inmurdering the Croatian miners. The author asserts that the unchecked violence and racist attitudes of the American pubhc against the immigrants contributed to a Citizens Alliance member shouting "fire" as part of an organized campaign to harass immigrants. After the deaths, McNaughton closed down the local Finnish newspaper, thereby ensuring that only company-approved versions of events appeared in print. Studying the subsequent coroner's inquest, Lehto found an investigation flawed by a lack of testimony, inept questioning, and the omission of key pieces of evidence that pointed to the guilt of the Citizens Alliance. The inquest concluded that the immigrants in the hall had caused the "accident," a finding that Lehto refutes throughout the book. Death's Door follows in the tradition of classic works such as Frank L. Palmer's Spies in Steel:An Expos? of Industrial War, or Philip S. Foner's The Case of Joe Hill, which examined corporate-sponsored labor repression. As a result, critics predisposed to discount immigrants' views of the Italian Hall deaths may not agree with Lehto's conclusions. However, the book provides a cogent argument that is supported by a variety of sources. It is a useful study of Copper Country history, regional interethnic relations, and labor conflicts inmining communities. Paul A. Lubotina, Adjunct Professor Northern Michigan University Steve Leikin. The Practical Utopians: American...

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