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French people.Yet Semelin makes two other interesting claims.The first is that wherever intermediate power was set up, “pays alliés ou satellites du Reich” (835) (Spain, Italy, France, Bulgaria, Denmark, and Hungary until March 1944), the number of Jews killed was much lower than it was where the Nazis ruled directly (Poland, Ukraine, Holland, Belgium). Despite Vichy’s collaboration that Semelin denounces, “la schizophrénie administrative de Vichy”(510) meant that the final figures were lower than they would have been without an intermediary power. On the one hand, Vichy deported foreign Jews from the occupied and unoccupied zones as well as 11,600 Jewish children that the Nazis never asked for. On the other, Vichy was reluctant to deport French Jews (87–88% were not deported), never demanded that the “étoile jaune” be worn in the unoccupied zone, and permitted legal relief agencies that provided for Jews in need. The second claim is that, after the infamous 16–17 July 1942 Rafle du Vél d’Hiv in Paris, where 9,000 French police arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,000 children, and when what was in store for Jews became excruciatingly clear, the attitude of French people evolved“d’une relative indifférence envers la persécution des juifs à l’expression d’une véritable compassion en leur faveur” (477). Five bishops spoke out against the treatment of the Jews; under growing pressure from Church and society,Vichy stopped yielding to German pressure for deportations and as of February 1943 began seeking workers for the STO. Deportations fell from 41,951 (1942), to 17,069 (1943), and to 16,025 (first six months of 1944). Now the Germans made most of the arrests and, as of November 1942, with one exception,“Vichy ne donne plus d’ordres d’arrestations des juifs dans les 40 départements de l’ancienne zone libre” (842). Simultaneously, Semelin unveils vast layers of silent solidarity and “petits gestes” (451), finding a constantly improvised“réactivité sociale”(811), spurred on by religious and patriotic feeling that slowed down Vichy and protected French Jews until early 1944. This is a provocative, magisterial study of interest to all those concerned with the fate of Jews in France during la Shoah. Whitman College (WA) Patrick Henry Serres, Michel. Yeux. Paris: Pommier, 2014. ISBN 978-2-7465-0779-1. Pp. 192. 39 a. As the title unequivocally suggests, Serres’s book is a philosophical reflection that focuses on visual perception and its complex relationship to the construction of knowledge. Although the provocative philosopher of science has long established a reputation as an original thinker who unapologetically transgresses disciplinary boundaries as part of an“encyclopedic,” epistemological quest, Serres adds a few new wrinkles to his unorthodox philosophical approach with Yeux. In addition to blending many different types of discourses and weaving connections between numerous fields of study,Serres mixes philosophical prose,annotated photographs,paintings,calligraphy, and 3D simulations together to attack our sensorial sensibilities. In one striking section 294 FRENCH REVIEW 89.1 Reviews 295 of this experimental hybrid work, both images and text are fully inverted, forcing the reader to turn the book around. In Yeux, Serres takes philosophical and literary experimentation to unprecedented heights, in comparison to his earlier works. 3D technology, designed by Dassault Systems, allows the philosopher to catch a glimpse of what it is like to see the world through the eyes of other life forms, including bees, cats, rats, and falcons. In the larger context of Serres’s ecocentric worldview, the importance of this simulated experience cannot be overstated, despite its inherent limitations. After momentarily perceiving the world differently through the eyes of another organism, Serres obliterates any meaningful distinction between the subject and the object. The philosopher takes aim at traditional, mainstream Western philosophy , which has relegated other life forms to the status of an object.Serres convincingly contends that the entire biosphere is replete with subjects in the philosophical sense. Fervently declaring that millions of autonomous, sentient subjects exist on this planet, the philosopher explains in the first chapter, “Voir et être vu”: “Car ils reçoivent, stockent, traitent, émettent la lumière; brillent donc comme des yeux [...] comme...

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