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structure and values of the later feudal society that took shape after the dissolution of the Carolingian empire. It is not possible to distinguish between the author, the performer, and the scribe. Chapter 2 presents a summary of the textual tradition by describing the principal groups or‘cycles’ of the Old French epic as well as works that fall outside these clusters. Quite useful is the discussion of the form and style to be found in this genre. Chapter 3 provides a detailed analysis of six chansons de geste: La Chanson de Roland (60–79); Le Charroi de Nîmes and La Prise d’Orange (80–97); Raoul de Cambrai (98–111); Ami et Amile (112–24); and Huon de Bordeaux (125–35). This analysis traces the development of the chanson de geste into the chanson d’aventures, a hybrid form of accounts of warrior exploits and romance. The epilogue includes a description of the fate of the epic in the later Middle Ages and beyond, including prose reworkings and translations and adaptations into other languages such as Old Norse, Middle High German, and Middle Dutch. In modern times the Chanson de Roland became a source of inspiration for patriotism and encouragement for the French during the Franco-Prussian War and World Wars I and II. At the end of the volume are found for reference the dates and versification of the epics mentioned in chapter 2, ample notes for all three chapters, and a Glossary that identifies fictional characters from the chansons de geste studied in chapter 3, pertinent historical figures and entities, and literary terms. The “Select Bibliography” provides references for the fundamental works on epic material as well as more recent research. The index permits the reader to easily find items of interest. This well-written and accessible volume would be extremely useful in preparation for doctoral exams as well as a review for an instructor teaching a chanson de geste in a survey course. It will serve as a reference for French medievalists who do not specialize in epic material. Rice University (TX) Deborah Nelson-Campbell Lalagianni,Vassiliki, et Jean-Marc Moura, éd. Espace méditerranéen: écritures de l’exil, migrances et discours postcolonial. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2014. ISBN 978-90420 -3787-8. Pp. 210. $60. Volume 15 of the Francopolyphonies series focuses on the complexity of colonial histories and cultural identities in the Mediterranean region: Franco-Arabophone countries (Maghreb, Egypt, and Lebanon), and Balkan regions (Croatia, Greece, and Cyprus). Fifteen articles examine different aspects of internal and external exile as experiences of the extreme contemporary. These experiences affect the lives and writings of both men and women who face intolerance, injustice, oppression, and violence in patriarchal societies, civil wars, and ethnic cleansings. Apart from the obvious sections on the Mediterranean harem, forced or voluntary migration, and cultural or linguistic alienation, the most rewarding part of the volume is that it deals with the diverse spectrum of postcolonial discourses of a region governed by constant 224 FRENCH REVIEW 89.3 Reviews 225 movement. The range of childhood memories, culinary traditions, and the myth of the migrant painter El Greco in the writings of Francophone Greek writers are enriching new routes for interested scholars. While the volume is not divided into chapters, undergraduate as well as graduate students might find this helpful as contributions can be read in any order without any prior knowledge of the region or writers. This fact enables the reader to make more meaningful connections between different works and themes, thus going beyond the first article by Lalagianni and Moura, which contextualizes the study of exile and migration in the French-speaking world. The following pieces vary in analytical focus and depth. Some contributions deal with a limited number of primary and secondary sources but manage to build a convincing argument about authors Andrée Chedid, Abla Farhoud, Boualem Sansal, and others. These articles are counterbalanced with more extensive comparative studies that are rather original in their analysis of authors of different regions or in their move toward a new approach to commonly studied topics, for example, Odile Cazenave’s shifting focus on those who stay behind while others leave their native land...

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