Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation and Political Culture in Nigeria by Steven Pierce (review)

Corruption is undoubtedly one of the biggest challenges facing the Nigerian state. It has been fingered to be at the root of a wide range of maladies, such as insecurity, poverty, poor infrastructure, and general underdevelopment. Nigerian corruption has attracted the attention of numerous scholars over the years, and this has given rise to a plethora of insightful analyses, from several different angles. However, Steven Pierce, in Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation and Political Culture in Nigeria, offers a new perspective and fresh insight into the discourse. He takes as a point of departure the position that Nigerian corruption is rooted in the culture of the people, and this explains why it has been extremely difficult to eradicate. According to Pierce, corruption is a cultural characteristic, and the prevalence of corruption in Nigeria derives from its cultural complexity (5). This cultural complexity explains the differentials in interpretation and definition of corruption in the country.

In essence, wide gamuts of practices have come to be subsumed under the rubric of corruption, which therefore assumes different dimensions, aptly identified by Pierce as the corruption-complex. This corruption-complex, which predates colonial penetration, became part of the building blocks of the Nigerian state. Although the book has its setting in northern Nigeria, the author extrapolates it into the whole Nigerian state because "Muslim Hausa culture has been politically central to Nigeria from the start of internal selfrule onward" (9). The whole of the book, which is divided into two parts, was therefore written to explain this position.

Part One, which consists of three chapters, provides the empirical discussion that supports the conclusion reached in Part Two. In this first part, the author explains the various elements of corrupt practices that predate colonial penetration. Pierce explains with historical details how traditional political leaders in northern Nigeria used their offices and status for personal ends. Gratification of various forms was regarded as a perquisite of office and therefore it was demanded, even when it was not given. The pattern of appropriating public platforms for private ends became ingrained in the British indirect rule, although the British administrative system had an undergirding code of ethics that is absent in Nigerian culture. Corruption-complex, as depicted in the book, was furthered by oil rents, which arrived shortly after independence. The military emerged on the political turf as a major enabler of the corruption culture. A picture is therefore painted that both the colonial and post-colonial suzerainties were products of their previous eras. Just as the colonial period was erected on pre-colonial practice, the post-colonial was nothing but a continuation of the colonial era, in respect to corrupt practices. Nothing really changed.

Part Two is comprised of essays. The first essay, which is Chapter Four, is an engagement with the concept of moral economies, presenting a practical discourse of the concept. This chapter traces how the concept was first used by E. P. Thompson for eighteenth-century British politics and how James C. Scott enlarged it beyond the period, before it was further fine-tuned by other scholars to capture the contemporary situation. Drawing from the theoretical exposé, Pierce paints a complex relationship between Nigerian people and corruption. In one breath, Nigerian people abhor corruption, and in another they support it. Taking a "stance of acceptance and critique" (166) of corrupt practices practically underscores the attitude of Nigerians toward the abuse of office. In this context, corruption is acceptable as long as it benefits the people and kicked against if the proceeds are not shared with the people.

Chapter Five, which is the second theoretical essay, explores the Nigerian state in its ideological standing. Here, Pierce identifies concrete efforts taken by the Nigerian state to address the corruption siege and how such attempts have been stymied by the dynamics of state formation and operation and by the characters...