United Manlike through Domestic Service: The Remains of Carlyle's Feudal Labor Model in Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day

Ironically, considering Thomas Carlyle's disdain for the aristocracy, whom he derides in Past and Present as somnolent, delusional "Captains of Idleness," the feudal model of labor he developed to reform industrial work in the early Victorian period persisted most strongly in the work of domestic servants working in the homes of the upper classes in the decades prior to World War II. The remains of Carlyle's labor model can be traced in the work of Mr. Stevens.