Reduplication in Menominee

This article revisits Bloomfield's 1962 description of reduplication in Menominee, drawing examples from his work and from original fieldwork. Reduplication of verb stems is shown to mark repetition or continuation of action, habitual action, intensification, and plurality. The forms of reduplication–regular and irregular–are discussed, as is Bloomfield's claim that irregular forms have a connotation of violence. I argue that Menominee reduplication is stem reduplication, not root reduplication, and propose an analysis of regular reduplication, drawing on synchronic and diachronic facts about the language.