Transliteration

Note: In some words and names of Persian origin, 'e' and 'o' have been used in lieu of 'i' and 'u' to conform to standard spellings.

TRANSLITERATION KEY:

Arab./Pers./Urdu Letter	Roman Equivalent
	ʾ
	a
	b
	p
	t
	ṯ
	th
	j
	ch
	ḥ
	kh
	d
	ḏ
	dh
	r
	ṟ
	z
	zh
	s
	sh
	ṣ
	ḍ
	ṭ
	ẓ
	ʿ
	gh
	f
	q
	k
	g
	l
	m
	n
	h
	w
	y
	h or t

Short Vowels
	a
	u
	i

Long Vowels
	ā
	ū
	ī

Diphthongs
	aw
	ay