Two Gifts from Goethe: Charlotte von Stein's and Charlotte Schiller's Writing-Tables

It is well known that before and after his transformative journey to Italy (1786–88), Goethe enjoyed two intense, decade-long friendships: with Charlotte von Stein in the decade before Italy, and with Charlotte Schiller from 1794 until the latter's death in 1805. What is less known, even now, is that both Charlotte von Stein and Charlotte Schiller were writers in their own right. In 1779 and 1794, Goethe gave the gift of a desk or "writing-table" (Schreibtisch) to Charlotte von Stein and Charlotte Schiller, respectively. In what follows, I explore the histories of these two gifts and the associated acts of gift-giving as staged by Goethe in these two phases of his life. As pieces of furniture used for the purpose of writing, and as gifts from a male writer to women who also wrote, the two desks suggest a range of meanings for both the giver and the two Charlottes who were the recipients. Social theorists have long argued that gifts are never "free," but always figure in a complex system of social relationships founded upon mutual expectation and obligation. As we shall see, Goethe's gifts are good examples of that.¹

Charlotte von Stein (1742–1827) was a lady of the court of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, serving chiefly as a companion to Duchess Luise, the wife of Goethe's patron Duke Karl August, and to his mother the Dowager Duchess Anna Amalia. She had been married since 1764 to Karl August's master of stables, Josias von Stein, and had borne seven children, of whom only three had survived infancy. Soon after Goethe's arrival in Weimar in 1776, she became the object of his intense desire. Of the thousands of letters and notes they exchanged, only Goethe's (about 1600) have survived.² Those letters document an intimate though most likely platonic relationship, as well as a fully shared social and intellectual life. Stein introduced him to the intricacies of aristocratic court life, and Goethe introduced her to his many literary and scientific pursuits, for which her education and reading made her the ideal dialogue partner. Their relationship was interrupted when Goethe abruptly departed for Italy in 1786, and it eventually broke off when, after his return in 1788, he entered a common-law relationship with Christiane Vulpius, a young woman of lower social status.

Charlotte Schiller (1766–1826), née von Lengefeld, was born into impoverished nobility in Rudolstadt, 40 km from Weimar. Charlotte von Stein, as a friend of the family, was present at her christening, and when the younger Charlotte reached adulthood, the two women became close friends, a relationship that continued for the rest of their lives. Charlotte von Lengefeld was married to Friedrich Schiller in 1790, and they had four children together before Friedrich's death at the age of 45. Charlotte von Stein's side of the two women's correspondence is still extant and can be read at the Goethe and Schiller Archive (GSA) in Weimar and, in heavily abridged and amended form, in volume 2 of Ludwig Urlichs' Charlotte Schiller und ihre Freunde (1862).³ The GSA holdings comprise 165 letters.⁴ The first letter dates from 1783 and the last from 1825, but the vast majority are from the decade and a half leading up to 1799, when the Schillers moved from Jena to Weimar, close to Stein. The letters not only chronicle Charlotte von Stein's and implicitly Charlotte Schiller's relationships with the famous male writers, but also offer insider knowledge of the literary scene: who and what was being read and talked about during this significant period in German culture. This epistolary conversation links Jena and Weimar long before Goethe and Friedrich Schiller began their own friendship and collaboration in 1794. It also documents the fact that both Charlottes were active as writers.

The literary works of Charlotte von Stein include, in addition to several poems and translations, four dramas that have survived and can be attributed to her: the short drama Rino (1776), the tragedy Dido (1794), the comedy...