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erialism: the Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1916," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXXIX (1952-53), pp. 497-504. 65. Concerning the rural roots of prohibitionism see note 53 above. Concerning urban middle-class elements of prohibitlonism , see Decarie, "Something Old, Something New," espec. pp. 156, 159-60, and 164-69. As Decarie points out (p. 167) there is a:so a strong connection between prohibition sentiment and sabbatarianism. For a view of sabbath observance as a general social reform promoting class harmony and social stability, see Charlton, Speeches and Addresses, pp. 264-65, 267-68, 274-75, and 287-88. 66. Toronto Daily Mail, 20 May, 1890. 67. Montreal Gazette, 2 June, 1890. 68. 0. D. Skelton, Life and Letters of Sir Wi/frid Laurier (Carleton Library edition, Toronto, 1965), I, p. 125. 69. There was in fact little similarity between the two associM . J. Coldwell, the making of a Social Democrat* WALTER D. YOUNG M. J. Coldwell started life as a Tory and a high Anglican; at what point he became a socialist is difficult to determine. We do know that when he arrived in Canada he was no radical. Mr. Sidney Stevens, one of his pupils in the school he taught in Sedley, Saskatchewan, remembers Caldwell's frequent visits to the Stevens' home, and remembers too his mother's astonishment that Major Coldwell became leader of the CCF because to her, at least, he seemed so conservative .1 Although a licensed Anglican lay reader, he was not, as J. S. Woodsworth was, a social gospeler; nor did his socialism have the same class consciousness as Woodsworth's. It was closer to the gas and water socialism of the Fabian society. His zeal was reformist more than revolutionary; he once remarked, during the 1945 election campaign, that he was not against private property per se, he only wanted more of it for more people. The exact point in time when Coldwell "became" a socialist does *An earlier version of this essay was read at the third" annual Western Canadian Studies Conference. 50 ations. See Miller, "Impact of the Jesuits' Estates Act," pp. 428-30. 70. G. M. Grant, for example, agreed with McCarthy's views but refrained from supporting his solutions. See McCarthy Papers, 1471-147L, Grant to McCarthy, undated [late 1890 or Jan., 1891]; Gowan Papers, Reel M-1898, G. M. Grant to Gowan, n.d. [spring, 1889]; and ibid., 30 Sept., 1889. Even Macdonald seemed to share McCarthy's opinion that the French-Canadian nation was an obstacle to unity and progress. See Provincial Archives of Ontario [hereafter PAO], Sir A. Campbell Papers, Box 10, J. A. Macdonald to Campbell, 15 Dec., 1887. 71. Compare PAO, Sir James P. Whitney Papers, Box 1, Flyer dated "Morrisburgh, May 16th, 1890," with PAO, Charles Clarke Papers, Reel 2, printed broadside, "Support the Government of Mr. Mowat," undated [1890]. See also Dart, "George William Ross," pp. 69-85. not really matter. What is important is that Coldwell, national leader of the CCF from 1939 to 1960, carried with him the luggage of his youth and retained many of the values and attitudes developed at that time, as most of us do. This sheds some light on his style as leader, and serves to illuminate his role as a political figure in Canada. In 1888 Major James Coldwell was born in Seaton, South Devon, in one of the six houses that stood in a row on Major Terrace. The houses had been built by his maternal great-grandfather, James Major, one for each of his six daughters. Like the terrace, Coldwell was given his great-grandfathers' name. Throughout his boyhood he was called Major. His second post in Canada, principal of Sedley School, he owed to some extent to his name. The trustees of the district were concerned about the lack of discipline in the school and felt that by hiring what they thought was an English military man Major Coldwell - the pupils would soon be licked into shape. After the first world war, for obvious reasons, he was called M. J. Caldwell's parents were not wealthy. His father had been a hop-grower in Herefordshire before coming...

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