Toward Cost-Effective Restoration: Scaling up Restoration in Ecosystems Degraded by Nonnative Invasive Grass and Ungulates

Table 4.

Summary of Present Value and Cost per Hectare of Restoration Costs for Scaled-Up Restoration, Modeled after a 0.13 ha Experimental Site within the Wai'anae Kai Forest Reserve, O'ahu, Hawai'i, for 3 Yr and 30 Yr Periods^a

Note: All costs are in Present Value, calculated at a 2% annual discount rate; the proportion of total costs is in parentheses.

^a Costs were calculated using the baseline parameters in Table 3. Additional cost of $3,550/month for water truck rental during p lanting/replanting applied at 1 ha and 10 ha sites (not used to estimate cost of experimental or 0.13 ha site).

^b Based on interviews with experts, a number of variables were adapted to account for the longer time horizon (30 yr): clearing m aintenance frequency (once every other year); replacement period for fencing (20 yr); and time period and frequency for herbicide application (Supplemental Table S2), clearing and fence maintenance (30 yr).