Toward Cost-Effective Restoration: Scaling up Restoration in Ecosystems Degraded by Nonnative Invasive Grass and Ungulates

Table 1.

Native Woody Outplant Species Survival at 36 Months in a Restoration Field Experiment at Wai'anae Kai Forest Reserve, O'ahu, Hawai'i

Note: Plants that died within 1 month of outplanting were replaced (D. viscosa, 29% mortality; T. populnea, 13% mortality; M. sandwicense, 6% mortality; C. subcordata, 38% mortality; P. zeylanica, 15% mortality). Survival of P. zeylanica was not reassessed at 36 months because individual plants could no longer be distinguished.