Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization by Emma Hunter (review)

[Erratum]

This thoughtful book explores how Tanzanians engaged with the many languages of progress, democracy, freedom, and citizenship circulating in the mid-twentieth-century world. Rather than telling this story from the outside in, by following the importation and adoption of foreign concepts on African soil, Emma Hunter grounds her inquiry in the historical realities of Tanzanian social and political life under colonialism, emphasizing how local thinkers mediated this process by selectively reframing external ideas to fit their own indigenous discursive traditions and popular concerns. In exploring the changing ways in which Western idioms intersected with Tanzanian lexicons, Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania takes the reader outside of the narrow sphere of elite politics and into the realm of popular debate among literate, newspaper-reading publics. Hunter mines a vibrant Tanzanian press, read alongside archival sources, to reveal the complex and diverse ways in which educated voices reworked old vocabularies and styled new ones to make sense of an era of political transition between 1945 and 1967. Her book uncovers a fascinating landscape of ideas in motion, suggesting important new conceptual avenues for future research on decolonization and democracy in Africa as well as modeling new methodological strategies for such analysis.

The first chapter of the book argues for the existence of a distinct public political sphere in late colonial Tanzania. This realm was characterized by the growth of a semi-autonomous Swahili-language print culture and a dynamic grappling with global discourses of political development. The next two chapters examine how Tanzanian colonial subjects interpreted the languages of “democracy” and “representation” popularized by international institutions such as the United Nations and colonial regimes themselves. Specifically, Hunter unpacks the wide range of sometimes contradictory interpretations of these terms, documenting how they were deployed by advocates of conservative political agendas promoting older hierarchies as well as more radical calls for substantive equality. Chapter 4 scrutinizes the work of a local ethnically based citizens union in Kilimanjaro, illustrating how campaigners for an elected paramount chief creatively fused new ideas of political community to older norms. The book returns to this local context later on (in chapter 6) to examine how the nationalist party of TANU (the Tanganyika African National Union) challenged Kilimanjaro elites’ legitimacy by mobilizing different ideologies of freedom. The discussion here builds on an examination in chapter 5 of the meaning of “freedom” in mid-century Tanzania more generally and the ways in which the concept resonated with Tanzanians’ calls for strengthened social ties and relations of dependence rather than simply entailing a liberal conception of individual autonomy. This had important implications for early postcolonial politics, discussed in the final two chapters, particularly the fairly rapid closing down of spaces for dissent and opposition that occurred in the 1960s. In light of Hunter’s previous analysis, this development seems less puzzling or paradoxical than conventionally assumed. Instead, what came to be the dominant, somewhat restrictive understanding of political membership in the Tanzanian nation-state emerged from, and was consistent with, prominent strands of debate among literate publics in the late colonial period.

At times Hunter’s careful attention to the precise contours of political language used by historical actors contrasts with her own, somewhat vaguer, use of terminology. Further elaboration on the theoretical implications and intellectual genealogy of some of the analytical concepts deployed, such as “public sphere,” would have been instructive. Additionally, Hunter sometimes presents newspaper writings as disembodied articulations without providing accompanying contextual evidence that might allow the reader to grasp the human dimensions of these expressions. Nevertheless, these sources simultaneously make Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania an original and enlightening study, and the book does offer concrete characters to anchor the floating world of words when it examines local...