Early Doric Temples in Arkadia

Echos du Monde ClassiquelClassical Views XXXV, n.s. 10, 1991, 193-220, pIs. VIß-IX EARLY DORIe TEMPLES IN AAKADIA* FREDERICK E. WINTER Important examples of ancient temples are known in Arkadia from at least the earlier seventh century to the appearance of more or less "canonical" Doric buildings in the earlier fifth century. Moreover, same early buildings, or at least buildings with stylistically early features, survived into classical and Hellenistic times, e.g., the "megaron" on the summit of the acropolis at Pallantion.! Other temples were rebuilt on an early plan in late classical and Hellenistic times. One such, I believe, was the temple of Artemis Mesopolitis at Orchomenos. The new temple of Artemis Hemera, or Hemerasia, at Lousoi, although embellished in typical early Hellenistic Doric style, seems to have preserved many aspects of the plan of an Archaic predecessor.2 Of course, early temples that long continued * F.E. Winter and l.E. Winter wish to express their appreciation to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for support of their research through the Council's Research Grants Programme in 1983-84, 1986 and 1987-88, the period in which the field and library research for this paper were in progress. F.E. Winter also held Research Leave Grants from the University of Toronto during those same years, and is also indebted to the American School of Classical Studies at Athens for appointrnent to a Visiting Professorship at the School during the academic year 1987-88. In all our sojourns in Greece we have enjoyed the facilities and services of the American School, and are indebted for many kindnesses to Professors Stephen Miller and William Coulson, as successive Directors, and to Dr. Robert A. Bridges, as Secretary of the School, also 10 Professor lohn McK. Camp, the Professor of Classical Studies. F.E. Winter also wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Veronika Mitsopoulos-Leon, Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute, in providing new information on the sanctuary of Artemis at Lousoi, and 10 Dr. Robin Hägg, Director of the Swedish Institute at Athens, in connection with the new investigations at Pallantion. We also acknowledge with gratitude the kindness of the villagers at Orchomenos, Mavriki and Ano Asea, and of the phylax at Alipheira. We presented a brief summary of the material in this paper at the Annual Meeting of the Classical Association of Canada in Hamilton, in the spring of 1987, and a more extended version at the Canadian Archaeological Institute in Athens, in February of 1988. The following abbreviations are used in the footnotes: Dinsmoor: W.B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece3 (London 1950); Gruben: Gottfried Gruben, Die Tempel der Griechen 3 (Munich 1980). ! G. Libertini, ASAtene 1-2 (1939-40) 225-26, fig. A; E. 0stby, Hellenika. Föreningen Svenska Atheninsitutets Vänner, 39 (Stockholm 1987) with plan and photograph. 2 See below. See N.D. Papachatzis, Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis, 4 (Athens 1980) 247, note 2, on "Hemera" rather than the "Hemerasia" of Paus. 8.18.8. 193 194 FREDERICK E. WINTER in use, or were later rebuilt with or without extensive remodelling, are found in parts of the Peloponnesos other than Arkadia, e.g., the Orthia temple at Sparta (see below). What is surprising is the neglect-this is not too strong a tennof early Arkadian monuments in general histories of the development of the Düric style.3 Thus, although the temples at Alipheira and near Asea and modem Mavriki, and those on Mt. Gravari and at Pallantion and Orchomenos, have long been known (at least since 1940, and most of them much longer), the peripteros at Pallantion is the only one mentioned in the 1950 edition of Dinsmoor's Architecture 0/Ancient Greece.4 In this paper I shall consider the significance for the general development of Düric design of aseries of early Arkadian temples, with special attention to the following: 1) the ubiquity of simple oikos and other non-peripteral plans in early times; 2) the influence of these early plans on the proportions of peripteral buildings, whether with wooden or stone columns; 3) the survival of early ground-plans and other early details when temples...