Internal Security and Coastal Control: Juan Yuan and Pirate Suppression in Chekiang 1799–1809

83 I N T E R N A L S E C U R I T Y A N D C O A S T A L C O N T R O L : J U A N Y U A N A N D P I R A T E S U P P R E S S I O N IN C H E K I A N G 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 0 9 * WEI P e h T ' i U n i v e r s i t y o f H o n g K o n g J u a n Y u a n ^jcj ( 1 7 6 4 - 1 8 4 9 ) , a l e a d i n g p r o v i n c i a l o f f i c i a l o f t h e C h i a - c h ' i n g a n d T a o - k u a n g e r a s , b e g a n his l o n g s e r v i c e in t h e p r o v i n c e s as g o v e r n o r o f C h e k i a n g . In the w i n t e r o f 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 0 0 , w h e n h e f i r s t a r r i v e d in t h e p r o v i n c e as its g o v e r n o r , h i s m o s t p r e s s i n g c o n c e r n w a s the s u p p r e s s i o n o f c o a s t a l p i r a c y . T h e i n i t i a t i o n a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m to h a l t the c u r r e n t w a v e o f p i r a t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o f f t h e s o u t h e a s t c o a s t o f C h i n a w i t h i n t h e d i r e c t i v e s o f the C h i a - c h ' i n g E m p e r o r -- to e l i m i n a t e a l l p i r a t e s a n d t h e i r c o l l a b o r a t o r s b y a d o p t i n g e f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e s w i t h o u t d r a w i n g f r o m r e g u l a r t a x r e v e n u e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p r o v i n c e s -- r e m a i n e d a m a j o r I I w i s h to a c k n o w l e d g e t h e f o l l o w i n g f r i e n d s a n d s c h o l a r s w h o r e a d v e r s i o n s o f t h...