After the Holocaust, Christian scholars, challenged by Jules Isaac, became aware of the anti-Jewish bias of Christian preaching. They met at Seelisberg, Switzerland, in 1947, to offer a more faithful reading of the New Testament. More than a decade later, the Second Vatican Council produced the Declaration Nostra aetate, which redefined the Church’s relation to the Jews, recognized their religion as source of grace, and expressed its respect for all the world religions