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Books 161 psychoanalytic flavour about them, which isnot surprising when one learns that art therapy had its origins in psychoanalytic 'theory' and practice (pp, 14-15) and that Wadeson has been psychoanalyzed. Provided the book is accepted as 'thought-provoking rather than conclusive' (author's Preface), it should prove stimulating and of practical value to intending art therapists. One of its most attractive features is the awareness of the need for research: so far 'there has been little research of substance in the field of art therapy'; only by 'producing solid and credible research' will art therapists 'gain increased recognition and respect in the arena of the behavioral sciences'. To point to the need for more research is, of course, much easier than contriving ways of doing it, as Wadeson knows very well from her own pioneering efforts in this direction. The second book, the proceedings of the 1979 convention of the American Association for the Study of Mental Imagery, consists of a motley collection of 29 papers, mainly devoted to Imagery Therapy (IT). No conclusions are reported, and no hints are given about the intended readership. Because imagery is used in different ways by the various psychotherapeutic sects (Jungian, Experiential Movement, Emotive-Reconstructive, Meditative, Psycho-Imagination, etc.), it isdifficult to generalize about its role but a basic tenet of IT seems to be that imagery provides a powerful tool for revealing (and manipulating) inner conflicts. In the limited space available I will try to convey something of the flavour of the contents by citing two specific examples. (I) In the 'Eros' form of the 'Sandtray' technique, the participants are asked 'to feel the sand with their hands, and add water to it ifthey wish to change the texture', on the assumption that 'this mixing of water and earth by many hands has positive consequences which stimulate memories and affects' (p. 352). They are then invited to become both 'voice and mover' of an object of their choice, selected from a collection 'reflective of the therapist's own personality' (p, 349). E.g. a 'laughing dinosaur' may look through a hole in the roof of a tumbledown house and say: 'Yea, looks mighty homey in there. Guess I'll stay... .'(pp. 352-3). The therapists ('At present most persons using the sandtray are Jungians' (p. 350ยป 'observe a course of development in the drama'. (2) Meditative Therapy, an 'eyes-closed process', enables the client to observe the workings of his/her 'Inner Source', which is a sort of 'deep self, 'higher self, 'subliminal self, 'notself -a kind of 'over-soul', etc. (p. 321).To help locate the 'Inner Source', 'A Psychophysiospiritulogical Chart ofInner Space' is provided on p. 331 but, 'After contacting the Inner Source, the client may decide not to continue' (p. 331). This highly imaginative and expensive book can be recommended only to rich fantasts. Main Trends in Aesthetics and the Sciences of Art. Mikel Dufrenne, ed. Holmes & Meier, New York, 1979.418 pp. Paper, $14.95. ISBN 0-8419-0507. Reviewed by Doug Sandle* This ambitious work is reprinted from Main Trends ofResearch in the Social and Human Sciences, the outcome of a project undertaken by Unesco, which, in drawing together the work of leading experts from several countries, attempts to summarize the conceptual backgrounds and practices involved in the study of art. Eschewing any detailed discussion of the scientific, the contributions concern those approaches to aesthetics that are delineated by systematic analysis and empirical research. These include such disciplines as anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, sociology and particular key methodologies, such as Marxism, Existentialism and semiology. To understand the sources of the book's strengths and also its weaknesses, consideration has to be given to both the manner of its conception and the nature, of its structure. The book has arisen from a complex process of international consultation and distillation involving many specialists, Unesco National Commissions and non-governmental bodies. In particular, several specialists have contributed directly to the text. Altogether the *School of Humanities, Leeds Polytechnic. Calverley St., Leeds LSI 3HE, England. list of individuals and organisations contributing to this book covers an impressive range and depth of scholarship and expertise. The structure of the book is...

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