Demonic or Cultural Treasure?: Local Perspectives on Vimbuza, Intangible Cultural Heritage, and UNESCO in Malawi

Vimbuza, one of two Malawian dance forms inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008, is a healing ritual practiced by Tumbuka people in Malawi’s northern region. Vimbuza refers both to the ailments caused by Vimbuza spirits and the rituals used to heal people with these spirit-induced illnesses. Vimbuza healers diagnose and treat spirit-related illnesses in rituals that combine dress, drumming, singing, and movement. It is sometimes called a “traditional dance” and performed for entertainment rather than healing. Drawing from interviews with practitioners, the general public, and cultural sector professionals, this essay explores the implications of UNESCO recognition for Tumbuka people. Though the impact of Vimbuza’s inscription on those most associated with the practice is debatable, it still has local, regional, national, and international value.