The Official History of Colonial Development. I: The Origins of British Aid Policy, 1924–1945; II: Developing British Colonial Resources, 1945–1951; III: A Reassessment of British Aid Policy, 1951–1965; IV: Changes in British Aid Policy, 1951–1970; V: Guidance toward Self-Government in British Colonies, 1941–1971 by D.J. Morgan (review)

258 THE CANADIAN HISTORICAL REVIEW beenwellselected, butthesubject criesoutfor evenmorevisual impact.Line drawings andsketch mapsinterspersed amongpages ofbusyprintwouldrest theeyes andinformatthesame time.Mustpublishers always separate illustrations ,maps,andtext?Still,thebookishandsome andwelledited. Wallacehaswritten a successful revisionist interpretationthat will be an indispensible referencefor students of our lastandmostimportantfrontier. Hereinforces metropolitan views oftheCanadian Arcticanddemonstrates the importance of gradualandsequential phases ofexploration, survey, andsettlement .The bookshould berequiredreadingformodernArcticexplorers. W.A.B. I)OtJGI•AS Department ofNational Defence, Ottawa TheOfficial History ofColonial Development. Ii TheOrigins ofBritish AidPolicy, 19241945 ;II'- Developing BritishColonial Resources, 1945-1951; III.' A Reassessment of BritishAid Policy, 1951-1965; IV:Changes inBritishAid Policy, 1951-1970; v:Guidance toward Self-Government inBritish Colonies, 1941-1971. D.J. MORGAN. London,I-IMSO; AtlanticHighlands, Nj, HumanitiesPress, •98o.Pp.xxx, 253;xiv,397;xviii, 334;xvi,275;xviii,382.$37.5 ø pervolume. Everyonewhoworksonthehistoryof themodernCommonwealth will needto useMr Morgan'smammothpublication,whichcoversboth aid policyand constitutionalevolution.The author hashad full access to official documents, andhe hasproperlychosen to paraphrase andpresent a greatmass of the materialhefound,leaving readers tomakewhattheywantoftherecord.Some effortismade, especially forthelate•94os andearly5os, toplace development policyin thecontext of generaleconomic policy. Butasothervolumes in the Peacetime Series of Official Histories will treat Britain's external and internal economic policy, Mr Morganhasnotcarriedhisdescription of thesematters veryfar. WhatMr Morganoffersthereaderisamostusefulmixtureof economic and administrative history. The centralthreevolumes overlapchronologically and insubject matter. Groundnuts, forinstance, receive some •3øpages inVolume Ii andfortypages inVolumeIV•andthematerialontheWestIndiesandonthe Colonial Development andWelfareActof •945isdivided inthesame way,asis the discussion of the ColonialDevelopment Corporation. The very useful chapteron the'Economic Background •95•-1963'opens VolumeIII, andan Epilogue onrelationships between colonial government andcolonial development comesat the end of the fifth and lastvolume.Nor doesany volume contain either an index or even a table of contentsthat coversall five volumes; the paragraph thatconcludes the Prologue toVolumeI gives onlythemost generalindication ofeachvolume's coverage. It follows thatusers mustconsult allfivevolumes if theyaretobesurethattheyhavenotmissed something, and thatlibraries willhavetobuyallfive. REVIEWS 259 Sooneror later, Mr Morgan'svolumeswill be minedby the dependency theorists, ofwhose existence heseems tobeunaware.Certainlyoneisstruckby thetendency of Britishdevelopment assistance, inthe•94osand•95osasinthe •92os,toforgecloser tradingbonds between thedeveloping territories andthe international market systemof the Western world. Dependencytheory suggests thatthesebonds wereBadThings.Butwerethey? And werethereany alternative paths todevelopment atthetime?It isapitythatMr Morgandidnot bringhisimmense learningtobearonthese questions, confronting themmore fullyandmoredirectly. Nevertheless, hehasprovidedagenerous rationofraw material for others to use. InS M.I•RVMMOSt• University ofToronto Flames acrosstheBorder: 1813-1814. PIERRE BERTON.Toronto, McClelland and Stewart,•98•. Pp.xiv,492. $24.95. According toBerton,it wasawarin whichalmost everyone seemed tobesick. Major-GeneralHenry Dearborn,sufferingfrom someundefinedmaladyas wellasmentalstress hadtobehelpedaboutbytwoaides.Oliver HazardPerry wasintermittentlyincapacitated with 'biliousfever' and one-quarterof his crews wereundertheweather whentheyfoughttheBattleof LakeErie.Over two-thirdsof Major-GeneralJohn Vincent'smen, retreatingtoward BurlingtonHeightsafter the Battleof theThames,weretooweaktohaulwagons and he himself,worn out and in failinghealth,wasshortlyreplaced.The number of sickamongMajor-GeneralJamesWilkenson's Americanforces climbedfrom 7o0in September of •8•3 to •8ooin mid-November,andatthe same timefivehundredVirginians inWadeHampton's invadingarmyonLake Champlainsufferedfrom 'a kind of distemper.' JamesYeowasoccasionally prostrate. LordTweeddale, commanding the•oothRegiment, wasrackedwith aguebeforethe Battleof Chippawa. JohnBeverleyRobinson couldhardly summon thestrength togetfromYorktotheassize atAncaster. Andonitwent. The book should have been called 'Germs across the Border.' In theendit maybethatBertonhimselfgotalittlesickof thewarandjust wanted tobedonewithit.Thetoneofthisvolume ismoreperfunctory thanthe first.The paceisfasterandthereislessattemptto includeall the available detailsof eachengagement. Indeed,someeventssuchasMacdonell's attackon Sackets Harborhavebeenleftoutaltogether. Sincethe second volumedealswith twenty-onemonthsof war rather than five,itisnotsurprising thatitsepisodes aremorecompact. Whatissurprising is Berton's concluding assertion thathisworkisnotmilitaryor political history. After readingoverfour hundredpages whichdealalmost exclusively withthe militarypersonalities, campaigns, and peacenegotiations of the war, after perusing overthirty mapswhichgiveprecise detailsof militaryand naval ...