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292 Tm• CANADIAN I-1ISTORICALREVIEW persons, andmovements thataltered thecharacter oftheEmpire andinfluenced itsgoverning philosophy." Beginning withthe/nitial advancement o•f theidea trusteeship in the trial o.fWarrenHastings, important events are usedto elucidate majorthemes:Durham's Report-responsible government, Amritsar massacre-race relations, annexation of Sind-mechanics of expansion. The materialencompassed in thisslimvolume isnotnew.Thereisnoattempt at revision. He has,ho•wever, by keeping the chapters selective andspecific, managed tosay agreat deal about imperialism ingeneral andtheBritish imperial experience in particular. Well-annotated maps, effective quotation-some rather lengthy andespecially good, andartfuldescriptive passages make thisa very useful volume for the classroom. The fieldof Britishimperial studies is particularly ill served with readily available andreasonably pricedliterature for theuniversity student. At a time wheneach newannouncement of aninteresting titleisgenerally accompanied by a price that reduces itsa,vailability toone copy ina university library, the combination in Huttenback s bookof readability and utility in an inexpensive paperback edition istobegreatly applauded. MILTON ISRAV, L University o• Toronto Convicts & the Colonies: A Studyof PenalTransportation from GreatBritain & Irelandto Australia & OtherPartsoftheBritish Empire.ByA. G. L. Snxw. London:Faber and Faber [Toronto.. Queensweed House].1966. Pp. 399. $11.25. •. R•.C•.•T PUBL•CA•O• OfL. L. Robson's morestatistically based TheConvict Settlers of Australia (Parkville, 1965) ando• A. G. L. Shaw's studyhereunder review hasilluminated animportant factor in British colonization. Thisprolonged experiment in a peculiar formofselective emigration hasnotbeentotally ignored byearlier historians, ofcourse. Father ErisO'Brien's TheFoundation ofAustralia, 1786-1800:A Studyin English Criminal Practice andPenalColonization in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1936)seta standard ofscholarly excellence which markedthe coming of ageof Australian historical scholarship. But in the two recentworksthe entirespanof the penaltransport system in Australia is examined, notjusttheearly decades. Despite thereference in Professor Shaw's subtitle to otherpartsof theBritish empire thebookdeals primarily withtransportation toAustralia. Afteranopening chaptertreatingtransportation to the American colonies priorto the American Revolution therearebut passing references to proposals to sendtheconvicts to west Africa or to such remote areas as the Falkland Islands or the future British Columbia. Focusing as he doeson the Australian experiment, the authorstill attempts to cover a widerange of subiects: theorigins of theconvicts withinthe United Kingdom, the changing natureof the iudicialsystem whichwas to sentence them,theiroutward voyage, the usemadeof services, theftsubsequent careers (all subiect to modifications overtheyears),debate in Britainandthe colonies o,fthe utilityof penaltransportation asa deterrent to crimeandasa meansof reforming the criminalor of providing an effective labourforceto develop thecountry. Shaw's citations testifytothewiderangeof sources consulted overthedecade anda halfin whichthisstudy wasin themaking. Despatches, official committee andcommission reports, contemporary comment, anda widerangeof secondary ra•vmws 293 sources, including a broad sampling ofgraduate diss'ertations, areallrepresented in theœootnotes. Despite threeimpressive references onp. 172,however, this reader stillis notconvinced thatanaverage three-quarter-acre Irishplotcould produce more than seven tons ofpotatoes annually intheearly nineteenth century! K. A. MAcKit, bY University of Waterloo A Decadeof the Commonwealth, 1955-64. Editedby W•.•.•M B. HAMmTO•, K•.NNr. Ta RoBrsso•,and C. D. W. Goor•wr•.Durham: For Duke University Commonwealth-Studies Center by DukeUniversity Press. 1966.Pp.xx,567. $12.50 (U.S.). a'n•s s•.a• or aw•Na•r-Fou•t r. SSA•:S clearly shows theCommonwealth hasagencies, formal andinformal, tograpple withitstwomost important objectives: tostamp outracism andto stopthegrowing gapbetween richandpoornations. These essays alsoshow theasso,$iation lacks thedetermined will andcommon interest to exploittheseagencies effectively. Indeed,thoughmostcontributors are modestly optimistic about theCommonwealth's performance, pastandfuture, theydonotignore itsamorpho,us nature, itsinability toactonitsideals, andits possible collapse. Despite theformation of theCommonwealth secretas-Jar and the Commonwealth Foundation in 1965,events sincehaveamplyjustified their caution. FrankUnderhillsaidin 1955,"all roadsin the Commonwealth leadto Washington ." Exaggerated though it mighthavebeenthen,hisstatement, asthese essays indicate, wasby 1964notfaroffthemark. American influence isevident in education, in technical andmilitaryassistance, in aidfor development, even, in oneinstance at least, in norms forbureaucratic organization. Thebookreflects tooAmerican scholarly interest in theassociation. Thevolume itselfisa product ofaconference held in1964, arranged jointly b•.Duke's Commonwealth-Studies Centerandthe Institute of Commonwealth Studies of the University of London andaidedfinancially by theRockeœeller Foundation andtheLeverhulme Trust. Abouta third of the contributors areAmerican scholars although five Commonwealthcountries arerepresented. Thevolume is comprehensive. Scholars froma variety of disciplines, aswell asa fewgovernment officials, examine political, international, economic, administrative , legal, andeducational questiov_s. These arenotconfined tothedecade 1955-64:Professor Hamilton treats thetransfer of powerin historical perspective andIoseph Spengler probes thepastpotential of the empire...

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