William of Auvergne on the Various States of Our Nature

WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE ON THE VARIOUS STATES OF OUR NATURE By ROLAND J. TESKE Although William of Auvergne, bishop of Paris from 1228 to his death in 1249, criticized Avicenna severely,1 he also adopted many philosophical positions of Avicenna. In a recently published article, I emphasized William 's considerable debt to the philosophy of Avicenna,2 and in a still-tobe -published article I pointed out how William was indebted to Avicenna for his view of what it is to be a human being, and especially for his view of the spirituality of the human soul.3 For much of his lengthy work, De anima, William follows Avicenna's philosophy as he found it in the great Islamic thinker's Liber de anima, seu sextus de naturalibus;4 not, of course, without serious criticism on many points. In chapter 5, however, of his De anima,* William rather abruptly introduces a historical concept of human nature, which is closer to that of Augustine than of Avicenna or Aristotle, in place of the philosophical concept of human nature, which he derived largely from Avicenna, whom he often confused with the real Aristotle.6 In introducing such a historical concept of human nature or of the nature of the human soul, William raises several rather intriguing problems, which I want to discuss in this paper. First, he raises a question about how the various historical states of human nature are to be conceived and how they are to be combined with the philosophical concept of nature that he derives 1 See Roland de Vaux, Notes et textes sur l'Avicennisme latin aux confins des XIf-XIIF siècles (Paris, 1934), 37 for a list of errors from Avicenna that William criticized. 2 See R. J. Teske, "William of Auvergne's Debt to Avicenna," in Avicenna and His Heritage , Acts of the International Colloquium, Leuven-Louvain-la-Neuve, September 8-September 11, 1999, ed. Jules Janssens and Daniel De Smet (Leuven, 2002), 153-70. ' R. J. Teske, "William of Auvergne's Spiritualist Concept of the Human Being," to be published in the proceedings of the conference, "Autour de Guillaume d'Auvergne," held at the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, 17-19 May 2001. 4 For the critical edition see Avicenna Lalinus: Liber de anima seu sextus de naturalibus, ed. Simone van Riet, intro. Gerard Verbeke, 2 vols. (Louvain and Leiden, 1968-72). '' William's De anima is divided into seven chapters, each of which has many parts. For William's works, except for the De trinitate, which has a modern critical edition, see his Opera omnia, ed. François Hadot and Blaise Le Feron, 2 vols. (Paris, 1674; repr. Frankfurt am Main, 1963). The De anima is found in vol. 2, pp. 65-288. For an English translation, see William of Auvergne: The Soul, ed. and trans. R. J. Teske (Milwaukee, 2000). 6 William, for example, attributes to Aristotle the emanation of the ten intelligences, the last of which is the agent intelligence; see De anima 7.3.210a. References to William's De anima will include chapter, part, page, and column of the Opera omnia, vol. 2. 202TRADITIO from Avicenna. Second, he raises a question about how he can, while claiming to proceed exclusively by means of philosophical proofs, introduce such topics as the original state in which Adam and Eve were created, the original sin by which they fell and which they passed on to the rest of the human race, and Christian baptism by which the harm stemming from their sin can be undone. Finally, William speaks about the soul's state of natural happiness as opposed to the state of glory, and though his treatment of these states is rather brief, it raises a further question about how WTilliam envisaged these states and their relationship to each other. Hence, the paper will have three parts: the first on the present and past states of human nature of which William speaks and on their relationship to the philosophical concept of human nature, the second on how William introduces into what he claimed was strictly philosophical such apparently theological topics, and the third on how William understands the relation between the...